11.07-14 -- Hindu Architecture

StudyBlue printing of 11.07-14 -- Hindu Architecture html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Hindu Temple Architecture Center of religious and cultural life Puja: ritual offerings Dwelling place of the gods Darshan: viewing Deeply symbolic in structure and imagery General Temple Symbolism The Mountain Mt. Meru, the mountain at the center of the universe Mt. Kailash, Himalayas: The Abode of Shiva The Cosmic Axis (axis mundi) Directionality? The Cave Innermost chamber is called garbha griha, or "womb chamber" Individual relationship with the divine The Symbolism of Darkness Oneness; all of your senses being cut off Unconscious mind; deep, dreaming sleep The Symbolism of Light Spirit Purity Enlightenment Holiness General formal features Projection Staggering Progressive Multiplication Expanding Repetition South Indian Style Pyramid-shaped tower (shikara) Layers of small shrine-shaped decorations (shala) Octagonal capstone (stupi) small "windows" reminiscent of chaitya arches Use of pilasters (engaged columns) Niche sculptures Mamallapuram Durga Killing the Bull Demon The Five Rathas Royal patronage, possibly King Mamalla I of the Pallava Dynasty Carved out of a large granite outcropping Roof styles reduplicated in decorative aedicules (mini-shrines) elephant-backed roof square-domed roof horseshoe vault roof Durga Shrine Square-domed roof Vishnu Shrine "Elephant-backed" roof Oblong form becomes later gateway Shiva Shrine (incomplete) Shore Temple. 8 th c. Granite. Shiva temple Nandi bulls Bronze vase-shaped finials (for the Ganges River water) Free-standing, structural architecture Post and Lintel, or traveate architecture ( Arcuate: arches, vaults, or domes) Ellora Kailasanatha Temple. Ca 757-783. Rock-cut basalt. Mt. Kailasa: Shiva's mountain home One of the last major rock-cut temples Largest rock-cut temple in India Royal Patronage: Krishna I of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty Originally brightly painted Trench excavated, 295 x 173 ft Cut out "island:" 196 x 98 x 98 ft Gateway (gorpuram) , H. 49 ft Nandi Shrine (shrine to Shiva's bull Nandi) Pillared Porch (mandapa) Inner shrine (garbha-griha) The Demon Ravana Shaking Mt. Kailasa -- scene from the Ramayana Tanjore Rajarajeshvara Temple Tanjore. Chola Period, ca 1003-1010 Built to display the might of Rajaraja* (r. 985-1014) of the Chola Dynasty Gateway (gopuram) Lower stories made of stone Upper stories made of brick Nandi shrine Capstone (stupi) -- 80 tons 7 mile ramp used for elephants to move the capstone to the top * Raja means "king," so Rajaraja is "King of kings" North Indian Style Characteristics Heavy-shouldered tower (deul) Round, fluted capstone (amalaka) Dense layers of ornamentation Emphasis on verticality in tower repetition & reduplication projection (i.e. things sticking out) Bhubaneshwar, Orissa Religious and artistic capital of Orissa, renowned for its architecture Heartland of the Northern Style Temples ca 700 - 1250 CE Temples made of chlorite (greyish stone) Parashuramesvara Temple Ca 650-680 CE. Bhubaneshwar. 42' tall, 49' long, 19' wide. Fig 118. Main tower + ritual gathering place Clerestory - like windows; openings near the top to let in light Dedicated to Shiva Elaborate exterior, simple interior Lingaraja Temple Ca 1050 CE. Bhubaneshwar. 157' tall. Elaboration of basic Northern style Addition of further subsidiary halls Lion on top of elephant -- light over darkness plinth - raised platform, like the foundation corbelled arches and domes Khajuraho Culmination of development of the Northern style Equally famous for temple sculpture Created by the Chandella dynasty (10 th - 13 th centuries) 1 sq mile. 25 intact temples. 25 ruins. Site abandoned, rediscovered in 1840 (during British occupation) Kandarya Mahadeva Temple ca 1004-1035. Sandstone. 98' tall. Largest temple Marks end of major building at the site Patronage: King Vidyadhara (r. 1004-1035) Temple celebrated victory over Muslim invaders Dedicated to Shiva Bands of relief sculpture on lower levels Shape reminiscent of a shivalingam Atop a large plinth; you have to walk up a big set of stairs to get inside; a lot like a porch reverse Russian doll effect Repetition of the capstone and finial clerestory chajja: projecting eaves with brackets sculpture reduplicated images of Shiva other deities, celestial dancers and such horses and other creatures Maithuna figures idealized hetero couples really sexy erotic poses, ecstatic state Levels of Interpretation Physical Glorification of pleasure (kama) Magical Architectural junctures Warding off evil yantra (linked triangles) Spiritual Unity with the divine Sun Temple Konarak, Orissa 1253-1260 CE Chlorite stone Main Sanctum (originally 229' tall, now missing) Audience Hall (128' tall) The temple compound measures 857' x 540' Dedicated to the sun god, Surya Southeast Asia before the Angkor Period Indian commercial expansion into SE Asia Rapid assimilation of Indian models (political, economic, religious, artistic) Khmer Empire at its Height Khmer Empire (804-1434) Capital at Angkor Second Angkor Period (early 11 th -- early 13 th century) Temples and Tombs of Angkor General Symbolism Power, order, stability Association of King and God (Devaraja) -- the idea that the king is a god Mountain Angkor, Cambodia Angkor Wat early 12 th century on the national flag Huge faces carved into the towers Royal Patronage: King Suryavarman II (r. 1113-1150) thought to have been an incarnation of Vishnu Surrounded by a huge moat Largest complex at Angkor 1 sq mile. 190' tall at highest point Sandstone -- 5 million tons quarried from Mt. Kulen, ~25 miles NE A model of the Hindu universe Temple to Vishnu, and tomb for the king Archaeoastronomy at Angkor Wat Circumference measures: lunar associations Axial measures: solar associations Sun rises directly above the main tower on the spring and fall equinoxes Sun rises above each of the side towers on the summer and winter solstices, respectively Shows the king's power over time and nature West and East causeways leading from the other side of the moat, over bridges (respectively) and to the temple; the massive size of the causeways is meant to intimidate the viewer Three enclosures Third Enclosure (outer) -- long covered walkways; relief galleries Second Enclosure First Enclosure (Central Shrine) Cosmological Model Central shrine surrounded by 4 large water basins -- like Mt. Meru surrounded by the ocean Packed earth laterite (stone) on top as the foundation Relief Galleries Corbeled vaults Relief 6.5' tall, total length (circumference) of .6 mile political images king leading his soldiers and elephants and stuff to battle battle scenes The Churning of the Sea of Milk First Enclosure, South Wing, East Gallery, 154' long Vishnu's avatar: Kurma, the turtle Astronomical Associations -- beam of sunlight comes through a hole in the wall Bali, Chief of the Asuras (gets the sun at the winter solstice) Vishnu (sun at the equinoxes) Sugriva, Chief of the Devas (sun at the summer solstice) The Bayon late 12 th -- early 13 th century thousands of Buddha faces, pointing in every direction, represents panoramic awareness * Angkor is pronounced like encore