12 and 13
Biology 409 with Wibbles at University of Alabama - Birmingham
About this deck
By: Emily Turner
Created: 2010-10-11
Size: 384 flashcards
Views: 28
Created: 2010-10-11
Size: 384 flashcards
Views: 28
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Broca's area is located in the ____ of the ____ portion of the ____lobe near the ___ of the ____ _____ cortex
front; lower; frontal; lower; primaty motor
____ is needed to say words
Broca's area
Damage to _____ results in speech comprehension but difficulty speaking
broca's area
Wernicke's and Broca's area develop _____
only in the dominant hemisphere
_____% of people have a dominant ____ hemisphere
95; left
____% of people are right handed making them ___ brain dominant
90; left
Hemisphere domination becomes permanent in the ____ years
teenage
At ____ years wernickes and broca's can switch to the opposite side of the brain
10
The left cerbral hemisphere is better at ___, ____, ____, and ___
logic; analysis; math; language skills
The right cerebral hemisphere is better at ___ and ____
visual; spatial skills
The right and left hemispheres communicate via the ____
corpus callosum
The corpus callosum is composed of ______ axons
300 million
The _____ is composed of 300 million axons
corpus callosum
In the past, the corpus callosum has been cut to treat ____
severe epilepsy
_________ map means that parts of the cortex correlate to specific areas of the body
Somatotropic
The cortex is said to be ________ mapped
somatotropically
The ____ is somatotropically mapped
cerbral cortex
Mapping of the cortex is ________ for ______ space
use-dependent cometitive (dynamic); cortical
Phantom pain occurs because the _____ is present
neural network
________ pain is a perceived sensation from an amputated limb
Phantom
______ describes a group of brain regions that include ____ structures
Limbic system; forebrain
The limbic system includes _____ including ____, ____, ____, ____
forebrain structures; portions of basal nuclei; portions of cortex; hypothalamus; thalamus
The limbic system represents a ____ portion of the _____
primitive; forebrain
The ____ is responsible for basic emotions
limbic system
The limbic system is responsible for ____, ____, ____, ____
basic emotions; goal-directed behaviors; libido; homeostatic drives (thirst, hunger in hypothalamus)
The sleep/wake sycle shows a ____ rhythm
circadian
Circadian means ____
1 day (24 hours)
The circadian cycle in humans is ____ than 24 hours
longer
Circadian rhythm is controlled by ____, ____, ____, and _____
the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) of the hypothalamus (above the optic chiasma), RAS, REM center (in the brainstem), slow wave sleep center (in the cerebrum)
Sleep is an ____ process
active
The four stages of sleep are:
delta; alpha; theta, REM
As a person falls asleep, the transition in the EEG is a result of the ______
cortical neurons transitioning from firing independently to firing synchronously
_______ voltages correlate to slow wave sleep
higher
Transition in sleep waves happens _____
gradually
______ waves has the slowest waves meaning it has the _____ voltage
delta; highest
In ____ wave sleep, there is increased parasympathetic stimulation
delta
Delta wave sleep lasts about ____ to _____ _______
10; 15; minutes
After delta wave sleep, you transition normally to ______
REM sleep
Each period of REM lasts about ____ to ____ _____
5; 20; minutes
REM may be important in ______
enhancing neural connections at synapses
As you get older, you have _____ REM sleep
less
In adults there is a _____ in the release of certain _____ during ______
decrease; neurotransmitters; REM sleep
What is interesting about dolphins and sleeping?
The right and left hemisphere of some dolphins take turns sleeping
Fatal familial insomnia is ____. It is caused by ________
rare; thalamus degeneration
Fatal familial insomnia is ______ and is _____ based
inherited; prion
Fatal familial insomnia occurs in ____ aged people
middle to elderly
Fatal familial insomnia is characterized by ____ and ______
no delta sleep; brief REM sleep
_______ is characterized by awakening from REM sleep with muscle inhibition continuing
sleep paralysis
Night terrors occur when ______
a person awakes screaming or moaning. (can occur without fully awakening with no recollection)
Night terrors occur during _____ wave sleep
slow
Night terrors occur most often in _____
children
______ is an irresistible sleep attack
narcolepsy
Narcolepsy can be onset by _____
intense emotional stimuli (laughter, startle)
When a person suffers from narcolepsy, they go into ____sleep patterns
REM
______ can include sleep paralysis and cataplexy
narcolepsy
______ may be due to an overactive REM sleep center
narcolepsy
Sleepwalking occurs during _____
slow wave sleep early in the cycle
_____ occurs due to _____ in the CNS
sleepwalking
sleepwalking is more common in ___ than ______
children; adults
_____ is a periodic lack of breathing during sleep
sleep apnea
_____ can be caused by carbon monoxide poisoning
coma
Coma is characterized by ____ wave activity of the cortex
delta
Epilepsy is characterized by ______ activity in the CNS
uncontrolled, excessive; portions of the CNS (can be regional or involve large portions of the brain)
Epilepsy can result from ____, _____, _____
brain tumors; lesions; genetics
Grand Mal seizures are stopped by _____
fatigue or inhibitions from neurons
_____ epilepsy is an example of focal epilepsy
Jacksonian
______ epilepsy is when the seizure goes down the somatosensory cortex
Jacksonian
Epilepsy can be controlled with ____ and/ or ______
drugs that enhance GABA activity; surgery of lesion of the overactive area
______ system coordinates the activity of viscera and blood vessels
autonomic nervous
The autonomic nervous system is ______ controlled
subconciously
The autonomic nervous system consists of the ___ and _____
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Organs are innervated by the _____ nervous system
parasympathetic and sympathetic (influences organs simultaneously)
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have nerve pathways that consist of ______
preganglionic and postganglionic neurons that synapse at the ganglion
In the sympathetic nervous system and postanglionic system, the preganglionic nerurons emerge from the _______ spinal cord
sympathetic: thoracic and lumbar; parasympathetic; cervical and lumbar
The sympathetic nervous system synapses with the postganglionic neuron in the _____ ganglia
sympathetic chain or collateral ganglia
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system preganglionic neurons release:
sympathetic: acetylcholine; parasympathetic: acetylcholine
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system postganglionic neurons release:
sympathetic: norepinephrine; parasympathetic: muscarine
Muscarine is found in ____
mushrooms
Sympathomimetics mimic the effects of ____ and ____
ephedrine; amphetamines
Ephedrine is found in _______. It has been used in ____ for over 1 thousand years to treat _____. It is used as a ____ and to treat ______. It has been banned as a _____.
ephedra plants; china; cold symptoms; dietary supplement (it increases heart rate, dehydration, and blood pressure) helps with weight loss
Sympatholytics _____ stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
block
An example of a sympatholytic is a _____
beta blocker
Parasympathomimetics _______ _________ receptors
stimulate muscarinic (mimicing parasympathetic stimulation)
_________ can block breakdown of acetycholine
Parasympathomimetics (via cholinesterase inhibitors)
_____ and _______ are permanent cholinesterase inhibitors
(parasympathomimetics) parathion and sarin nerve gas
________ is a short-term cholinesterase inhibitor
Physostigmine (used to treat alzheimer's)
Parasympatholytics _____ muscarinic receptors
block
Examples of muscarinic receptors
(parasympatholytics) atropine (from belladonna) scopolamine
Atropine and atropine-like drugs are used to ______
dilate pupils; speed up the heart; treat motion sickness
Parasympatholytics remove ______
parasympathetic effect
Light information is relayed through ______
thalamus to the occipital lobe
The image on the retina is ____
inverted
PRK surgery is when _____
a laser is used to reshape the surface of the cornea
Rk surgery is when ______
radial incisions are made in the cornea
When the ciliary muscles contract, the lens _______ and focuses on _____ objects
thickens; near
When the ciliary muscles relax, the lens _______ and focuses on _____ objects
thins out; far
A loss of elasticity in the lens called _______
presbyopia
Accomodation is _______
the change in shape of the lens
What is the name for farsightedness and nearsightedness
farsightedness is hyperopia; nearsightedness is myopia
Myopia is due to ____
a long eyeball or the lens is too powerful
Hyperopia is due to _____
a short eyeball or a non-powerful lens
Cataracts is caused by ____
denaturation of the proteins in the lens
Where do the images focus in vision problems?
myopia: focus before retina; hyperopia: focus behind retina
Glaucoma causes excess fluid in the ____ portion of the eye
anterior
In Glaucoma, the _____ does not drain properly
Canals of Schlemm
The increased pressure in the eye from improper drainage in glaucoma can cause _______
blindness; destroying the neurons in the retina or the optic nerve (can be treated with drugs or surgery)
The iris is _____
thin, pigmented, smooth muscle
_________ stimulation increase amount of light entering eye by dilating pupils
sympathetic
The ______ reflex decreases pupil size in response to light
pupillary light (synapse with neurons in brainstem)
What are the three type of cells in the retina?
photoreceptors (rods and cones); bipolar cells; ganglion cells
The ganglion cells in the eye _____
form the optic nerve
What types of potentials are produced by the different cells in the eye?
photoreceptors; bipolar cells (graded potential), ganglion cells (action potentials)
The _________ of the spinal cord is gray matter
center
Proprioreceptors are a type of __________
mechanoreceptor
_______ detect movement and ___________ of limbs
proprioreceptors; position
Muscle spindle fibers are a type of _____
proprioreceptors
Proprioreceptors communicate with the _NS
C (central)
Mecahnoreceptors are _______ receptors
sensory
Muscle spindle receptors are _________ _______ cells
specialized muscle cells
_________ are stretch receptors
Muscle spindle receptors
More stretch results in ____ frequent action potentials
more
Golgi tendon organs are ____
nerve endings in tendons
______________ respond to length
Muscle spindle receptors
________________ respond to tension
Golgi tendon organs
______ matter is unmyelinated
gray
_______ matter is myelinated
white
gray matter contains _____
dendrites and cell bodies
white matter contains _______
axons
The _____ root carries sensory information
dorsal
The ______ root carries motor sensory information
ventral
Axons of sensory neurons extend to _____
the Spinal cord
Axons of motor neurons extend to ______
muscles
__________ axons synapse at neuromuscular junction
motor neuron
Stimulation of the neuromuscular junction _____
releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
_________ are the simplest motor responses
spinal reflexes
spinal reflexes are mediated by ____
sensory, motor, and sometimes internuerons
Same side
ipsalateral
opposite side
contralateral
____ reflex is a a key reflex in the maintenance of posture
stretch
In cross extensor reflex _______ is flexed and ______ is extened
ipsalateral, contralateral
Meninges surround the _____
brain and SC
________ is the tough outer meninges
dura mater
the _______ meninges contains blood sinuses
dura mater
the middle meninges is the _______
arachnoid
The ______ meninges are web-like
arachnoid
The ______ adheres to every ridge and valley
pea mater
The _____ and ______ meninges are vascular
arachnoid and pia mater
Headaches are caused by _______ and ________
inflammed meninges; constricted or dilated blood vessels
Meningitis is ______
viral
CSF is the same as plasma
T but has different Conc.
CSF fills _______
ventricles, central canal of SC, space between pia and arachnoid
CSF bathes the ____
Central nervous system
CSF volume is normally _____
125-150 mL
CSF reduces the weight of the brain by __%
97
CSF is formed in ______
the ventricles of the brain
CSF is formed from ___
blood
CSF helps exchange material between blood and _______
brain interstitial fluid
The blood brain barrier is formed of ______ cells
endothelial
The BBB is formed by the _________ junctions of capillary walls
tight
________ cells also appear to help the BBB
astrocyte
astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells
astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells
Endothelial cells regulate trafficking of _____, ______, ______, ______, etc.
glucose; proteins; amino acids; ions
__________ is not protected by the BBB
the hypothamlamus becasue it keeps track of things in the blood (e.g. hormones)
Parkinson's patients are treated with ________ rather than domapine
L-dopa
The CNS needs a steady flow of blood requires constant ____ and _____
oxygen; glucose
The brain uses _____as it's primary source of energy
glucose
Diabetics can experience _____ after taking an insulin shot
insulin shock
Transient Ischemic Attack (aka "_____")
mini-stroke
TIA can cause _______, _________, etc.
temporary blurred vision; temporary slurred speech
TIA can be indicative of more serious problems
T (but not always)
A skin area covered by a pair of spinal nerves is called a _________
dermatome
Pain associated with internal organs can manifest itself as ________ corresponding to the ________ of a specific region
referred pain; dermatone
A sensation of pain from a limb that has been amputated - _______
phantom pain
spinal cord spans from T__ to L__
12; 2
Lumbar puncture occurs at the _______
cauda equina (before and after T12 and L2
Spinal taps are performed to ______ or ______
indicate infection; inject antibiotics
The regions of the brain are 1)_____, 2)_____, and 3) ________ (a)____, b)______)
brainstem; cerebellum; forebrain; diencephalon; cerebrum
The diencephalon has two parts
thalamus and hypothalamus
the cerbrum has two parts
basal nuclei and cerbral cortex
The brainstem has three parts
medulla pons midbrain
______ is the origin of most of the cranial nerves
brainstem
________ is involved with initial processing of information from spinal cord
brainstem
_______ is an autonomic control center
brainstem
Brainstem is the control center for _____, _______, and _______ systems
respiratory; cardiovascular, and digestive
________ is involved in equilibrium and posture
brainstem
Reticular Activating System (RAS) is a part of the _______
brainstem
RAS is a _______ of neurons throughout the ______ that controls ____ of the _______
widespread network; brainstem; arousal; cortex
_______ controls the transition between sleep and wakefulness
RAS
General anesthesia works by suppressing activity of ______
the RAS (reticular activating system)
_________ controls REM sleep
brainstem
_________ is involved in ______control of motor ______
cerebellum; subconcious; activity
_________ compares intended movements with actual movements
cerebellum
__________ continually monitors and adjusts movements
cerebellum
The ______ of the ________ initiates voluntary movements
motor cortex; cerebral cortex
The cerebellum communicates with the _________ to control and monitor movements
cerebral cortex
Cerebellum is important in control of _____ movements and ________
eye; speaking
The _____ reflex is the reflex that allows your eyes to stay fixed on an object when your head is moving. It is controlled by the _______
vestibulo-ocular; cerebellum
The _____ and ______ are balance organs
semicircular canals; otolith organ
Damage to the cerebellum causes difficulties in ____, _____, and ________
muscle movements, speech, and abnormal eye movements
Hypothalamus is a collection of _____
specific nuclei
The ________ is located above the pituitary and below the ______
hypothalamus; thalamus
A nuclei is an _______
area of gray matter (dendrite, cell bodies (some axons))
Cortex receives info from _____, _____, ______
PNS; CNS; limbic system
______ is control center for autonomic nervous system
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus has sensors for ____ and ______
temperature; osmolarity
Hypothalamus helps control ____, ______, _____, ______, _______, _______, _______, _______, ______, _________, ________, and _______
thirst; urine production; body temperature; gastrointestinal activity; cardiovascular activity; appetite; reproduction; reproductive cycles; childbirth; milk ejection; emotions and behaviors, release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
The ________ tracks appetite by monitoring ____, ______, and _______
hypothalamus; blood glucose; fatty acids; amino acids
_______ produces hormones released by posterior pituitary
hypothalamus
Hypothalamus is the link between the _____ and ____ system
nervous; endocrine
The ____ is a mass of gray matter
thalamus
The ______ acts as a relay station for ____ information going to the ____
thalamus; sensory; cortex
______ sensory information passes through thalamus to cortex
almost all!
The _____ ______ sensory information to specific areas of the ____
thalamus; projects; cortex
The thalamus _____s sensory infortion going to the cortex
screens
The ____ is involved in the control of voluntary motor activity
thalamus
The Cerebrum is made of two parts; ____ and ____
basal nuclei (basal ganglia); cerebral cortex
______ is(are) large groups of subcortical (under the cortex) ____ matter
basal ganglia; gray
Basal ganglia are located _____
under the cortex (subcortical); gray matter; large groups
Basal ganglia are important in ____, ____, ____
learning; emotions; voluntary muscle movements
Basal ganglia are most known for _____
maintaining puposeful motor activity
Parkinsons disease affects the ____ and ____ ______
putamen and caudate basal nuclei
Parkinson's is caused by _______ in the ______
loss of dopamine neurons; substantia nigra (projects to puatamen and caudate nucleus)
The ___ and _____ basal nuclei affected in parkinson's communicate with the ____ basal nucleus
globus pallidus
Loss of dopamine in the ___, ____, and _____ basal nuclei affected by _____ results in ____ activity of the nuclei and _____ inhibition of movements
putamen; caudate; globus pallidus; parkinson's; increased; increased
_______ is caused by degeneration of GABA neurons
Huntington's disease
Huntington's Disease is casued by ____ of _____ _____ in the _____ and ______ ______
degeneration; GABA neurons; caudate; putamen; basal ganglia
Huntington's disease results in the loss of _____ control of ______ ______ resulting in _____ _______
inhibitory; motor functions; spasmodic movements
Tourette's syndrome is though to be caused due to a _____ of _____ by the ____ _____
Tourette's; loss; inhibition; basal nuclei
The ____ is the most advanced portion of the brain
cerbral cortex
The cerebral cortex is involved in _____, ______, _____, ____, ____, _____, _____, and _____
sensory interpretation; control of voluntary movements; language; personality; logic, analysis, creativity; self-conciousness; memory
The cerbral cortex has ___ matter on the outside and ____ on the inside
gray; white
The cerbral cortex is densely packed with _____, ____, and _____
cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells
The ____ matter of the ______ has ___ well-defined layers
gray; cerebral cortex; six
The ____ matter of the ____ is made up of ______
white cerbral cortex; bundles (tracts) of myelinated axons
The Occipital lobe of the ____ cortex contains the ____ and _____
cerbral; primary visual cortex; association area for recognizing shapes and faces
The _____ lobe of the _______ contains the somatosensory cortex
parietal; cerbral cortex;
The temporal lobe of the ____ contains the ____, ____, and _____ and is very important in ______
cerbral cortex; primary auditory cortex, primary olfactory cortex; smell and sound association area, memory storage
The ______ lobe is involved in movements, ____, ____, _____, _____
frontal; personality traits; decision making, higher level thinking; scratchpad memory (working memory)
The ____ is known for containing association areas
prefrontal lobes
The ____ is important for planning voluntary motor activities
prefrontal lobes
The prefrontal lobes are important for ____, ____, _____
planning voluntary motor activities; evaluating consequences of future actions; personality traits and social behavior
______ first used in ____ to treat severe psychotic disorders such as _______
prefrontal lobotomy; 1936; schizophrenia
Prefrontal lobotomy resulted in ___, ____, ____, _____, _____, and _____
decreased ambition; decreased agression; inability to solve complex problems; inabitlity to conduct elaborate thought; altered personality traits
Prefrontal lobotomy ended by the late ____
1950's
______ is located in the junction of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobe
Wernike's area
Wernike's area is located at the junction of the ____, ____, and ____ lobe
parietal, occipital, temporal
Wernike's area is very important in ____
language interpretation
Wernike's area is a _____ association area
language
_____ can be referred to as word blindness
Dyslexia
_______ occurs if words are not transferred correctly to Wernike's area
dyslexia
________ is involved with initial processing of information from spinal cord
brainstem
_______ is an autonomic control center
brainstem
Brainstem is the control center for _____, _______, and _______ systems
respiratory; cardiovascular, and digestive
________ is involved in equilibrium and posture
brainstem
Reticular Activating System (RAS) is a part of the _______
brainstem
RAS is a _______ of neurons throughout the ______ that controls ____ of the _______
widespread network; brainstem; arousal; cortex
_______ controls the transition between sleep and wakefulness
RAS
General anesthesia works by suppressing activity of ______
the RAS (reticular activating system)
_________ controls REM sleep
brainstem
_________ is involved in ______control of motor ______
cerebellum; subconcious; activity
_________ compares intended movements with actual movements
cerebellum
__________ continually monitors and adjusts movements
cerebellum
The ______ of the ________ initiates voluntary movements
motor cortex; cerebral cortex
The cerebellum communicates with the _________ to control and monitor movements
cerebral cortex
Cerebellum is important in control of _____ movements and ________
eye; speaking
The _____ reflex is the reflex that allows your eyes to stay fixed on an object when your head is moving. It is controlled by the _______
vestibulo-ocular; cerebellum
The _____ and ______ are balance organs
semicircular canals; otolith organ
Damage to the cerebellum causes difficulties in ____, _____, and ________
muscle movements, speech, and abnormal eye movements
Hypothalamus is a collection of _____
specific nuclei
The ________ is located above the pituitary and below the ______
hypothalamus; thalamus
A nuclei is an _______
area of gray matter (dendrite, cell bodies (some axons))
_______ receives info from _____, _____, ______
PNS; CNS; limbic system
______ is control center for autonomic nervous system
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus has sensors for ____ and ______
temperature; osmolarity
Hypothalamus helps control ____, ______, _____, ______, _______, _______, _______, _______, ______, _________, ________, and _______
thirst; urine production; body temperature; gastrointestinal activity; cardiovascular activity; appetite; reproduction; reproductive cycles; childbirth; milk ejection; emotions and behaviors, release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
The ________ tracks appetite by monitoring ____, ______, and _______
hypothalamus; blood glucose; fatty acids; amino acids
_______ produces hormones released by posterior pituitary
hypothalamus
Hypothalamus is the link between the _____ and ____ system
nervous; endocrine
The ____ is a mass of gray matter
thalamus
The ______ acts as a relay station for ____ information going to the ____
thalamus; sensory; cortex
______ sensory information passes through thalamus to cortex
almost all!
The _____ ______ sensory information to specific areas of the ____
thalamus; projects; cortex
The thalamus _____s sensory infortion going to the cortex
screens
The ____ is involved in the control of voluntary motor activity
thalamus
The Cerebrum is made of two parts; ____ and ____
basal nuclei (basal ganglia); cerebral cortex
______ is(are) large groups of subcortical (under the cortex) ____ matter
basal ganglia; gray
Basal ganglia are located _____
under the cortex (subcortical); gray matter; large groups
Basal ganglia are important in ____, ____, ____
learning; emotions; voluntary muscle movements
Basal ganglia are most known for _____
maintaining puposeful motor activity
Parkinsons disease affects the ____ and ____ ______
putamen and caudate basal nuclei
Parkinson's is caused by _______ in the ______
loss of dopamine neurons; substantia nigra (projects to puatamen and caudate nucleus)
The ___ and _____ basal nuclei affected in parkinson's communicate with the ____ basal nucleus
globus pallidus
Loss of dopamine in the ___, ____, and _____ basal nuclei affected by _____ results in ____ activity of the nuclei and _____ inhibition of movements
putamen; caudate; globus pallidus; parkinson's; increased; increased
_______ is caused by degeneration of GABA neurons
Huntington's disease
Huntington's Disease is casued by ____ of _____ _____ in the _____ and ______ ______
degeneration; GABA neurons; caudate; putamen; basal ganglia
Huntington's disease results in the loss of _____ control of ______ ______ resulting in _____ _______
inhibitory; motor functions; spasmodic movements
______ syndrome is though to be caused due to a _____ of _____ by the ____ _____
Tourette's; loss; inhibition; basal nuclei
The ____ is the most advanced portion of the brain
cerbral cortex
The cerebral cortex is involved in _____, ______, _____, ____, ____, _____, _____, and _____
sensory interpretation; control of voluntary movements; language; personality; logic, analysis, creativity; self-conciousness; memory
The cerbral cortex has ___ matter on the outside and ____ on the inside
gray; white
The cerbral cortex is densely packed with _____, ____, and _____
cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells
The ____ matter of the ______ has ___ well-defined layers
gray; cerebral cortex; six
The ____ matter of the ____ is made up of ______
white cerbral cortex; bundles (tracts) of myelinated axons
The Occipital lobe of the ____ cortex contains the ____ and _____
cerbral; primary visual cortex; association area for recognizing shapes and faces
The _____ lobe of the _______ contains the somatosensory cortex
parietal; cerbral cortex;
The temporal lobe of the ____ contains the ____, ____, and _____ and is very important in ______
cerbral cortex; primary auditory cortex, primary olfactory cortex; smell and sound association area, memory storage
The ______ lobe is involved in movements, ____, ____, _____, _____
frontal; personality traits; decision making, higher level thinking; scratchpad memory (working memory)
The ____ is known for containing association areas
prefrontal lobes
The ____ is important for planning voluntary motor activities
prefrontal lobes
The prefrontal lobes are important for ____, ____, _____
planning voluntary motor activities; evaluating consequences of future actions; personality traits and social behavior
______ first used in ____ to treat severe psychotic disorders such as _______
prefrontal lobotomy; 1936; schizophrenia
Prefrontal lobotomy resulted in ___, ____, ____, _____, _____, and _____
decreased ambition; decreased agression; inability to solve complex problems; inabitlity to conduct elaborate thought; altered personality traits
Prefrontal lobotomy ended by the late ____
1950's
______ is located in the junction of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobe
Wernike's area
Wernike's area is located at the junction of the ____, ____, and ____ lobe
parietal, occipital, temporal
Wernike's area is very important in ____
language interpretation
Wernike's area is a _____ association area
language
_____ can be referred to as word blindness
Dyslexia
_______ occurs if words are not transferred correctly to Wernike's area
dyslexia
The optic disk is where ______. It is called _______
the optic nerve and the blood vessels enter the eye; blind spot
Some animals have a reflective membrane behind the retina termed the _______. It causes _______. It enhances vision during the ______
tapedtum lucidium; eyeshine; dark
Photoreceptors contain _____
photopigments (rhodopsin in rods)
Photopigments are composed of two parts ____ and _____
opsin (protein); retinene (retinal)
Retinal (retinene) is a derivitave of
Vitamin A
When a photopigments absorbs light
the retinene changes conformation so it can no longer absorb light; this in turn decreases cGMP second messenger (bleaching)
High cGMP levels in the dark stimulate the release of ______
inhibitory neurotransmitter (of bipolar cells) from the photoreceptors (glutamate). The bipolar cells in return do stimulate the ganglion cells which make no action potentials
Rods are used for _____ vision. Cones are used for ____
night; color
Rods have a ___ sensitivity, ___ acuity
high; low
There are about ____ times more rods than cones
30 (120 mil/retina)
___ to ____ rods converge on one ganglion cell
60; 100
____ is the photopigment in rods. It absorbs maximally ____ wavelength
rhodopsin; 500 nm (green)
Night blindness can be due to
deficiency in vitamin A; decrease in available photopigments
Vitamin A produces
retinene
Cones have ____ acuity; ____ sensitivity.
high; low
There are about ____ cones per retina
6 mil
Cones are highly concentrated in the ____
fovea
The fovea has ___ rods
no (no ganglion or bipolar cells either)
Some birds have ____
two fovea per retina
There are ____ types of cones.
three (red, green, blue); differ by opsin
______ color blindness is the most common
red green (can't tell between red and green)
______ lacks red cones; a ____ lacks green cones
protanope; deuteranope
_______ test is used to detect color blindness
ishihara
Color blindness is ____ linked ____
X recessive which is why it occurs most often in males (7% males; 0.4% females)
_____ ____ was a famous french ____ artist that lived until 86. As his eyes yellowed with age and blocked ___ end of spectrum, he begna to use more ___ and ____ to compensate. After ____ surgery he saw his distortion and wanted to change it
claude monet; impressionist; blue; yellow; red; cataract
____ _____ is famous for the ___ of chemistry. He was missing ___ cones
John Dalton; atomic theory; green
Color blindness was originally called ____
daltonism
Sunlight is ____ times brighter than starlight
10 billion
Only the ____ are used in bright light
cones
Cones adapt ____ and can increase sensitivity up to ____ times increase
quickly; 100
Rods adapt _____ and can increase sensitivity up to ____ times increase
slowly; 25000
red light helps ____ at night
preserve sensitivity of rods
Information of the eyes is sent
through the thalamus to primary visual cortex of occipital lobe of cortex
The outer half of the retina is projected ____ to the cortex
ipsilaterally
The inner half of the retina is projected ____ to the cortex
contralaterally
The function of the pineal gland?
releases melatonin and helps with timing of cycles (aka circadian rhythm (tells when it's dark or light)); function was initially unknown (changed color in frog skin)
The pineal gland helps form the ____ in some vertebrates
third eye
The pineal provides information to the ____ and gets information through the ____
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN (internal biological clock)); eyes through the SCN
Pineal gland has been suggested to ____
induce sleep
Sound waves are ____ waves
mechanical
Human hearing has a frequency range of ____
20-20000 cycles per second (Hz)
Decibels are measure on a ____ scale
logarithmic
The decibel range we can hear is
0-100 (100 10 billion times louder than 0
The external ear consists of
the pinna (auricle) earflap, ear canal, and tympanic membrane (live)
The middle ear is ____ filled
air
the _____ tube connects the _____ ear with the _____ to equalize pressure
eustachian; middle; pharynx
The middle ear bones consist of the
malleus (connected to tympanic membrane), incus, and stapes (attaches to oval window of cochlea)
The choclea is ____ filled and contains ___ coiled adjacent tubes.
fluid; three
The ____ tube of the cochlea has a ______
middle; basilar membrane with hairs
The movement of the hair cells in the basilar membrane causes _____.
hyperpolarization in one direction and depolarization in the other; graded potentials
The hyperpolarization and depolarization of hair cells in the basilar membrane produce ____
graded potentials that control neurotransmitter released from hair cells (glutamate)
Hair cells synapse with
cochlear nerve (the hair cells control the rate of the action potentials) (part of cranial nerve VII) to brainstem to thalamus to temporal lobe of cortex (primary auditory cortex)
How is the frequency of sound determined?
frequency is determined by the distance the basilar membrane deflects from the oval window (high frequency; near. low frequency; far)
How does the ear determine the loudness of a sound?
loudness is determined by the amplitude of deflection of the basilar membrane (of hair cells)
Auditory cortex is mapped
according to tones/frequencies (tonotopic map)
The ____ filters the sounds being received
thalamus
When you speak you hear ____
extra resonance produced by the conduction of sound through the bones in your skull
_____ is when sound is transmitted to the inner ear but is not translated to neural signals. Can be caused by __
sensorineural deafness; degeneration of hair cells; antibiotics
Sensorineural deafness can be treated by
hear aids (sometimes); cochlear implans
Conduction deafness is
caused by inflammation or abnormal bone growth. Can be treated by hearing aid or replacement of ossicle (usually stapes)
Presbycusis is
loss of hearing with age. lose high frequency hearing due to hair cells wearing out
_____ detects sensations of equilibrium
vestibular apparatus (semicircular canals and otolith organs)
There is ____ vestibular apparatus(s)
one on each side of the head (attached to the cochlea)
About this deck
By: Emily Turner
Created: 2010-10-11
Size: 384 flashcards
Views: 28
Created: 2010-10-11
Size: 384 flashcards
Views: 28
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