121021 P101 Learning Curve Memory

The three-stage model of memory developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin has been criticized because it does not take into account:

that some information is processed into long-term memory without our conscious awareness.

_____ can be defined as the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
content_hint: Think about all the pieces that must be in place for you to remember something.

memory

Encoding is to _____ as storage is to _____.

data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive

Research on memory's _____ has helped us understand how memory works.

extremes

Which of the following will you most likely store as an implicit memory?

your conditioned fear of guns

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2,000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize _____ percent of the slides they had seen before.

90

Professor Perez is interested in how much information can be remembered in one minute. He presents subjects with a list of 60 unrelated words for a second each. He has them wait 10 minutes and then asks them to recall as many of the 100 words as they can. Professor Perez is most likely studying _____.

memory

Our memory of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can easily recite is known as:

explicit: easy

The extensive rehearsal necessary to encode nonsense syllables best illustrates:

effortful processing.

Coined by Gary Lynch, this prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing is believed to be the basis for learning and memory. It is known as:

long-term potentiation.

How many bits of information did George Miller propose that humans can store in their short-term memory at a given time?

seven, plus or minus two

When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of this neurotransmitter at certain synapses.

serotonin

Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long-term. He is using the:

spacing effect.

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was two years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as _____ amnesia.

infantile

Strange as it may seem, you have run into the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. You get a little nervous, wondering if she is following you. Your ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times something happens to you is known as _____ processing.

automatic

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze, and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He reported that, no matter what part of the cortex was removed, the rats retained partial memory of how to solve the maze. This indicates that:

memories are not located in single, specific locations in the brain.

Although Jordan cannot recall the exact words of a poem he heard recently, he clearly remembers the poem's meaning. This best illustrates the importance of _____ encoding.

semantic

Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy, which will affect his _____ memory.

short-term

Psychologist _____ studied the characteristics of visual sensory memory.

Sperling

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having seen the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the _____.

hippocampus

Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving found that deep processing, by its _____, produced better recognition.

meaning

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was two years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as:

infantile amnesia

Echoic sensory memory:

lasts longer than visual sensory memory.

Lara is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her _____ , which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.

hippocampus

Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has probably suffered damage to his right_____.

hippocampus

As opposed to automatic processing, _____ processing refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

effortful

How long does information last in sensory memory

a fraction of a second to several seconds

Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This best illustrates the advantage of:

semantic encoding.

John remembers very clearly the day his best friend died in a bicycle accident at the hands of a drunk driver. This best illustrates _____ memory.

flashbulb

The _____ is the neural center involved in processing explicit memories for storage.

hippocampus

_____ revealed that the reports of flashbacks were extremely rare in those patients whose brains were electrically stimulated in different cortical regions. Moreover, the flashbacks appear to have been invented, not relived.

Loftus

Although _____ is rich and detailed, we lose the information in it quickly unless we use certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems.

sensory memory

Students who review previously learned course material at various times throughout a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates the value of:

the spacing effect.

_____ aids can be used to help remember things like speeches or lists of items. These aids often incorporate the use of vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Mnemonic

One way that researchers have explored short-term memory is by eliminating _____, as in the study conducted by Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson.

rehearsal

Some of our memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as _____ memories.

flashbulb

Automatic processing is an unconscious, effortless encoding of information about:

Automatic processing is the unconscious, effortless encoding of space, time, and frequency.

Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This best illustrates the use of:

hierarchical organization.

_____ refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. In other words, if you are in a bad mood, you will be more likely to have negative associations.

Mood-congruent memory

One reason our memories fail is because of problems with information:

encoding

_____ occurs when something you learn now interferes with your ability to recall something you learned earlier.

Retroactive interference

Even after you learn the material, _____ increases retention.

overlearning

If you ask your classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the vast majority will not be very successful. This is likely due to _____.

encoding failure

van recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to _____ failure.

retrieval

Hermann Ebbinghaus found that the more times he practiced the nonsense syllables on Day 1, the fewer repetitions he needed to relearn the information on Day 2 because he increased his:

rehearsal time.

According to Sigmund Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are _____ painful memories.

repressing

When people learn something while in one state (e.g., when they are feeling joyful or sad), they are better able to recall that thing while in the same state. This is known as _____ learning.

state-dependent

Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve?

a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

Whenever Mark tried to recall his new cell phone number, he kept getting it mixed up with his old cell phone number. Mark's failure to remember his new phone number is probably caused by _____ interference.

proactive

_____ memory refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. In other words, if you are in a bad mood, you will be more likely to have negative associations.

Mood-congruent

John has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. While he is quite forgetful, he is still able to recall events from his teenage and young adult years. His _____ is still intact.

long-term memory

8.4.2 Retrieval Cues

Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as the serial _____ effect.

position

8.5.2 Encoding Failure

Laurie, Jim's wife, complains that he never notices when she has made changes in her hair style. At her latest hair appointment, she had several inches cut from her hair. When Jim came home from work he greeted her and did not notice or make comment about her new hair style until Laurie pointed out his failure to notice. Jim did not notice the difference because of a(n)_____ failure.

encoding

Whenever Mark tried to recall his new cell phone number, he kept getting it mixed up with his old cell phone number. Mark's failure to remember his new phone number is probably caused by:

proactive interference

Those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. This is known as:

mood-congruent memory.

Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the encoding problem?

The book was never purchased.

Laurie, Jim's wife, complains that he never notices when she has made changes in her hair style. At her latest hair appointment, she had several inches cut from her hair. When Jim came home from work, he greeted her and did not notice or make comment about her new hair style until Laurie pointed out his failure to notice. Jim may not have noticed the difference because of a(n):

encoding failure

After switching dorm rooms and getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous dorm room's phone number. Samantha was experiencing _____ interference.

retroactive

vs proactive?!?!?!

Mrs. McBride cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates _____.

repression

When bits of information do not compete with each other, and actually facilitate memory, it is called:

positive transfer.

In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron formed vivid mental images of the rooms in his childhood home. Aaron was engaged in the process of _____.

priming

One way to test memory is to check the speed of _____ for things that we once learned but have since forgotten.

relearning

In a motorcycle accident, Adam suffered a brain injury that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates:

encoding failure.

_____ referred to priming as the "wakening of associations."

James

When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as:

retrieval cues

8.5.4 Retrieval Failure

Committing information to memory after already learning new material is analogous to _____ clutter in your mental attic.

adding

In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron formed vivid mental images of the rooms in his childhood home. Aaron was engaged in the process of:

priming.

Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention?

retrieval

Aaron went to school one day with his zipper down. He considers it his most embarrassing moment ever and would rather forget that the event ever occurred. Aaron is exhibiting:

motivated forgetting

The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve _____.

memory construction

SQ3R is a method for _____ memory.

improving

Repeatedly imagining nonexistent actions and events is called imagination inflation and can create _____.

false memories

Because of memory _____, "hypnotically refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate, especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions.

construction

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as:

the misinformation effect.

It is debated whether the _____ mind sometimes forcibly represses painful experiences.

unconscious

Actively thinking about what we have learned and mentally re-creating the mood and _____ in which the original learning occurred will help us recall information for an exam.

state

When people repeatedly imagine nonexistent actions and events, they can inadvertently create false memories. In one experiment students were asked to repeatedly imagine breaking a toothpick. Following this, they were more likely to think they had actually broken a toothpick. This is known as:

imagination inflation.

Stephen Ceci and Maggie Bruck found that most preschoolers and many older children could be induced to report:

false memories.

Actively thinking about what we have learned and mentally re-creating the mood and _____ in which the original learning occurred will help us recall information for an exam.

state

After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the MAN who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Teresa's experience best illustrates:

the misinformation effect.

You are participating in a memory experiment in which a researcher asks to memorize a list of words. The list included the words: slumber, bed, rest, dreams, etc. When you then are asked to recall the list, the first word you state is sleep which is not on the list. You believe that there must be a mistake because you are certain you heard the word sleep. The reason you had this false memory is because:

of false memories created by suggested misinformation and misattributed sources may feel as real as true memories and may be very persistent.

Which of the following is NOT a way to improve memory?

minimize retrieval cues

Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble, because he can't figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as _____.

source amnesia

Why might a therapist avoid reviewing photos, news reports, and other people's accounts of a client's automobile accident that killed two innocent bystanders?

The memories could trigger physical stress.

New memories are _____; they need to be _____ if one wants to remember them.

weak; exercised

Which of the following students utilize the type of studying that will help retain information more successfully?

Shelly, who studied for her sociology exam by rehearsing the information through using personal experiences to help her retain the information

Research on memory construction reveals that memories:

reflect a person's biases and assumptions.

A police officer stops you to ask you about an automobile accident you may have witnessed the previous day. Because you were in the area at the time of the accident, the officer asks how fast the cars were going when they "smashed" into each other. Given the research findings of Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer, how might the officer's wording effect your recollection of the incident? You would be more likely to remember:

a more serious accident than if the officer had used other wording (e.g., "hit" each other).

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates _____.

source amnesia

Recalling something that you had once merely imagined happening as something you had directly experienced best illustrates:

source amnesia.

Six-months after a patient committed suicide, your attorney is asking if the patient called you before committing the act. You respond that he did not. Three months later, opposing counsel asks you similar questions and you respond that he did call you, confusing this patient with one of your current patients. This is an example of _____.

source misattribution

Who is MOST likely to have memory difficulties?

Jack, who studies one hour before bed

John, who mentally recreates the situation in which he originally learned the material

***Jane, who studies Spanish and French back-to-back

Jasmine, who builds a network of retrieval cues

One fear about false memories in childhood traumas is that:

the genuine cases of childhood sexual abuse will be disbelieved.

One fear about _____ memories in childhood traumas is that the genuine cases of childhood sexual abuse will be disbelieved.

false

Stephen Ceci's and Maggie Bruck's study of children's memories showed that _____ percent of the children who had not received genital examinations from a pediatrician still pointed to either genital or anal areas when asked where the physician touched them.

55

According to Thomas Landauer, _____ and critical reflection of material you are studying is a type of active studying that will help in retention of newly learned material.

rehearsal

The most common response to a _____ experience includes vivid and persistent memories.

traumatic

121021 P101 Learning Curve Memory

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