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Information Technology 105 with Mccarthy at Arizona State University - Tempe
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By: Kylie Powell
Created: 2009-02-10
File Size: 7 page(s)
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Created: 2009-02-10
File Size: 7 page(s)
Views: 10
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8/18/2008 1 Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Information Systems Role in Business Most businesses share the same core business functional behaviors, or departments, whether it is a global enterprise, or a sole proprietorship. A broad definition of a business is that is an organized entity designed to sell goods and/or services, usually in an endeavor to make a profit. Business functional behaviors therefore can be defined as the necessary core activities required to operate a successful business. ? Accounting Department ? Human Resource Department ? Marketing Department ? Research & Development Department ? Production Department Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? The Accounting Department Accounting measures and provides financial information about an organization primarily for its decision makers, investors, and taxing authorities. Accounting is often referred to as the language, or mathematics of business. GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) are accounting rules for preparing presenting and reporting financial statements so the organization, , and its investors can have a standard set of reports regarding a business? well being. Some of these financial statements include balance sheets, income statements, earning statements, and cash flow reports. To insure the accuracy and fair reporting of these financial statements, laws like the Sarbanes?Oxley Act of 2002 were enacted to counter fraudulent reporting. Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? The Human Resources Department Economic terms like ?firm?specific human capital? and even ?human resources? suggest that people are a commodity, which is true by some definitions. What is true is that people are the most important asset in any business, and it?s the job of human resources departments to administer people. Traditional roles of human resource departments involve recruiting and hiring new employees, evaluating and managing personnel, tracking personnel data, administering payroll and pensions, and sometimes providing advice to employees regarding work?related issues. 8/18/2008 2 Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? The Marketing Department Marketing is the promotion of a business? products and is a core business functional behavior. Marketing departments focus on customers and have core responsibilities like advertising and branding a business? products and services. Products are the actual goods and services a business produces and how they relate to customer?s needs including warranties guarantees and , , . Pricing refers to what a product costs, or at least what a business is willing to exchange for their products. Promotion is the advertisement of a business? products and services, as well as promotion. Placement is how a product or service is delivered to a customer. How, where, and to who a product is delivered describes placement. Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? The Research & Development Department Research and development (R&D) departments take a creative and systematic approach to evolve a business? original idea and devise new ones. Part of an R&D department?s systematic approach is to consider if their ideas are feasible, and if they can be implemented. R&D departments need to have a broad grasp of the business they serve and its industry as well . Implementing new ideas can mean hiring new people which means collaborating with the human resources and marketing departments. Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? The Production Department Many businesses make tangible products like cars and machinery that are called ?goods?. Others create intangible products called ?services?, like the advice from an attorney or consulting from a financial advisor. Production departments make these goods and services to be sold commercially. Production departments focus their efforts on which goods and services to produce, how to produce them, and what it?s going to costs to produce them . Production departments also focus their attention on the most efficient and cost effective way to produce goods and services to maximize profits. For instance, a production department that makes coat hangers may become aware of a manufacturing machine that will triple their output of hangers. 8/18/2008 3 Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Information Systems Collaboration Since the five business departments are interrelated it is imperative that they share data and information. The fact is business departments need to do more than just share data and information to be successful; they need to collaborate with one another. Although sharing data and information can take many forms, like an annual budget printed on paper or an electronic database file, it is important to understand that data and information is simply a tool used for decision making . It is important to know that there is a difference between data and information exchange and collaboration. Business collaboration is two or more people, or two or more departments working towards a common business goal. Collaboration is facilitated by the exchange of data and information. Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Information Systems Collaboration Information technology (IT) has to be leveraged efficiently when sharing data and information to encourage collaboration. Keep in mind that IT collaboration and data exchange almost always assumes the use of a network, whether it is private, or even the Internet. Data and information exchange software and techniques can be categorized as electronic computing tools whereas collaborative software and techniques can be categorized as management tools. One of the oldest of these business tools is an Internet discussion board. A discussion board, sometimes called a forum, allows a virtual community of interested users post electronic messages to a web page. The first post to a discussion board is called a thread. Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Information Systems Collaboration Instant messaging and online chat is another way to collaborate by exchanging data and information. Instant messaging is similar to email except that it is real?time computer communication. Businesses can use instant messaging across an office environment, or across the world. Video and data conferencing allow businesses to collaborate through a network by allowing two or more locations interact via video and exchange data during the conference often called a webinar. Webinars typically allow for collaboration and participation between an audience and a presenter. Project Management Software provides a business a collaborative road map for organizing and managing resources to schedule a project from start to finish. 8/18/2008 4 Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Information Systems Collaboration Knowledge Management Systems (KM) are collaborative systems that organize, create and distribute a business? collective knowledge. A common example of a knowledge management system within a business starts with distributing ideas, called knowledge transfer. One of the newer online collaboration systems is called online application software For instance two or more users can access the same spreadsheet. , , word processor, or presentation software and share its data and information. Google offers this free service called Google Docs & Spreadsheets (http://docs.google.com) and is widely used by businesses and universities for the purpose of collaboration. Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Business System Reporting Business System Reporting or reporting for short is informational output from an information system to facilitate decision making. Most reports are periodic in nature, meaning that they are produced at given intervals, sometimes daily, weekly, monthly, etc. Reports can also be demand reports meaning that they can be produced whenever , they are needed. Demand reports are sometimes called ad hoc reports. Reports help businesses analyze information and can be predictive in nature to make strategic and tactical decisions. Strategic decisions refer to long?term planning designed to achieve a specific goal, whereas tactical decisions are specific actions that serve a larger purpose. Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Business System Reporting Reporting Summarization Levels refers to the level of detail or level of summarization in a report. For instance, a hardware store produces a sales report from their computerized cash registers on a daily basis. The computerized cash register has software installed called a transaction processing system (TPS) that collects and stores data (typically in a database) about the hardware store?s daily sales. 8/18/2008 5 Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Business System Reporting Report 7.1 shows the hardware store?s ten transactions for July 14 th , 2009 from its TPS database that is sorted by the time they occurred. Notice that each product is categorized. Report 7.1 shows the highest level of detail. Report 7.1 would be considered tactical because it incents the hardware store manager to take specific actions. Report 7.1 ? Detailed Daily Transactions ? July 14 th , 2009 Time Product Category Price 7:14 AM Claw Hammer Tools $24.95 8:03 AM Flathead Screwdriver Tools $12.15 8:03 AM 10 Flathead Screws @ .03/Screw Hardware $.30 9:01 AM Hedge Clippers Gardening $16.20 10:20 AM Plastic Garbage Bags (100 per box) Hardware $11.95 12:03 PM Hacksaw Tools $14.90 1:00 PM Needle Nose Pliers Tools $12.95 2:30 PM Grass Seed (10 pound bag) Gardening $25.90 4:16 PM 20 2 x 4 (15 foot length, $2.00 per) Lumber $40.00 5:55 PM 15 2 x 4 (15 foot length, $1.50 per) Lumber $22.50 Total $181.80 Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Business System Reporting The same TPS database that produced report 7.1 can also produce a more summarized report that shows transactions sorted, summarized, and totaled by category as shown in report 7.2. Notice that the two gardening sales (Hedge Clippers and Grass seed) in Report 7.1 are now combined and totaled in report 7.2, as are all the categories. Also notice that the overall total of $181.80 is the same for both reports because they came out of the same TPS database and are therefore reconciled with each other , . Report 7.2 ? Daily Transactions Summarized by Category ? July 14 th , 2009 Category Totals Gardening $42.10 Hardware $12.25 Lumber $62.50 Tools $64.95 Total $181.80 Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Business System Reporting Report 7.2 can be summarized even further by combining its category totals as shown in Report 7.3 which simply shows the overall total for July 14 th , 2009. Once again, it is important to note that all three reports were produced by the same TPS database and therefore always reconciled to each other. Reports that are completely summarized are generally always strategic in nature, especially when they are compared to the same report within a different time frame . Report 7.3 ? Daily Transactions Total ? July 14 th , 2009 Total $181.80 8/18/2008 6 Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Business System Reporting Analysis & Predictive Reporting reports refer to reports that analyze information and are predictive in nature to make strategic and/or tactical decisions. Analysis reports use the TCP as a foundation and also can be summarized, but go a step further. Reports can begin to reveal trends or tendencies in a business, called trend reporting. Report 7.2 ? Daily Transactions Summarized by Category ? 5 Day Trend Report / July 10 th ? 14th Category 10 th 11th 12th 13th 14 th Totals Gardening $70.01 $63.55 $34.89 $50.90 $42.10 $261.45 Hardware $56.90 $34.56 $30.90 $24.98 $12.25 $159.59 Lumber $239.89 $211.08 $205.45 $129.90 $62.50 $848.82 Tools $43.98 $50.44 $52.98 $60.02 $64.95 $272.37 Totals $410.78 $359.63 $324.22 $265.80 $181.80 $1,542.23 Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Business System Reporting To enhance the effectiveness of the 5 Day Trend Report, the same information can be represented graphically as shown above. Because of their visual nature, graphical reports are sometimes much more appropriate and can point out trends that numeric reports cannot. $300.00 $0.00 $50.00 $100.00 $150.00 $200.00 $250.00 12345 Gardening Hardware Lumber Tools Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Business System Reporting Analysis and predictive reports include combinations of Budget, Forecast, and Variance Reports. Businesses need to know what has happened in their past, what?s happening now, and try to intelligently forecast what is going to happen in the future. Time specific budget reporting does this by combining all three aspects that can lead to both tactical and strategic decisions. Report 7.2 ? Daily Transactions Summarized by Category ? Variance Report / July 10 th ? 14th Actuals Forecast Category Actual Previous Variance Actual Forecast Variance Gardening $261.45 $254.90 $6.55 $261.45 $300.00 ($38.55) Hardware $159.59 $212.23 ($52.64) $159.59 $200.00 ($40.41) Lumber $848.82 $714.09 $134.73 $848.82 $700.00 $148.82 Tools $272.37 $345.90 ($73.53) $272.37 $300.00 ($27.63) Totals $1,542.23 $1,527.12 $15.11 $1,542.23 $1,500.00 $42.23 8/18/2008 7 Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Business System Reporting The Actuals heading shows three columns: ? Actual: Shows what actually happened. ? Previous: Shows what transpired over the previous five day period. ? Variance: The difference between the Actuals and Previous. The Actuals headings show ?what happened? from one time period to another and the variance between the two time periods. Report 7.2 ? Daily Transactions Summarized by Category ? Variance Report / July 10 th ? 14th Actuals Forecast Category Actual Previous Variance Actual Forecast Variance Gardening $261.45 $254.90 $6.55 $261.45 $300.00 ($38.55) Hardware $159.59 $212.23 ($52.64) $159.59 $200.00 ($40.41) Lumber $848.82 $714.09 $134.73 $848.82 $700.00 $148.82 Tools $272.37 $345.90 ($73.53) $272.37 $300.00 ($27.63) Totals $1,542.23 $1,527.12 $15.11 $1,542.23 $1,500.00 $42.23 Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Business System Reporting The Forecast heading shows three columns: ? Actual: Shows what happened, or what was sold in the last 5 days. ? Forecast: Shows what was projected to happen, or forecast. ? Variance: Shows the difference between the Actuals and Forecast. The Forecast headings show ?what was projected to happened? from one time period to another and the variance between the two time periods. Report 7.2 ? Daily Transactions Summarized by Category ? Variance Report / July 10 th ? 14th Actuals Forecast Category Actual Previous Variance Actual Forecast Variance Gardening $261.45 $254.90 $6.55 $261.45 $300.00 ($38.55) Hardware $159.59 $212.23 ($52.64) $159.59 $200.00 ($40.41) Lumber $848.82 $714.09 $134.73 $848.82 $700.00 $148.82 Tools $272.37 $345.90 ($73.53) $272.37 $300.00 ($27.63) Totals $1,542.23 $1,527.12 $15.11 $1,542.23 $1,500.00 $42.23 Chapter Seven ? Information Systems Role in Business Departments ? Business System Reporting Management Level Reporting refers to the level of detail or summarization appropriate for a certain levels of employee regardless of report type. All businesses have a hierarchy, or a chain of command. In a business organization, this hierarchy can be broken down many different ways and many different levels. A typical hierarchy is as follows: In business top level executive reporting require very little detailed , reporting, like transaction processing system reports. Management reporting is summarized from the TPS reports and can sometimes be used for strategic decisions, but generally is used for tactical decisions that require specific actions. Supervisory reporting I s highly detailed and generated directly from the transaction processing system, and is rarely used for decision making. mjmccart Microsoft PowerPoint - Chapter7
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About this note
By: Kylie Powell
Created: 2009-02-10
File Size: 7 page(s)
Views: 10
Created: 2009-02-10
File Size: 7 page(s)
Views: 10
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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