7.2_&_8.1.docx

Michael Fine 10/2/11 7.2 & 8.1 How did immigrants settle in cities Cities were cheapest and most convenient Unskilled jobs abound mills facotires Twice as many irihs in new york than in Dublin Immigrants made up half the pop of 18 cities 1910 Americanization designed to assimilate people of varied cultures into American culture Sponsored by government and concerned citizens Schools and voluntary associations helped Ethnic communities provided the opposite, and social support Soon became overcrowded Intensified by rural to city movement What was the migration from country to city like Mccormick reaper and steal plow took jobs, but made farming more efficient Consequently people moved into city Many southern farmers out of work were African Americans 20 years, 200,000 blacks in south job lost Moed north and west Barely better than before Job competition caused more racial tension blacks and whites What were the housing problems Buy a house or rent Urban population demanded better housing solutions, row houses Immigrants took over working class families houses, with to or three families per house Over crowded tenements un sanitary NYC passed law setting minimum standards Didn?t help What were the transportation problems Mass transit helped workers move more easily Street cars: 1873 Electric subways: boston 1897 Cities struggled to repair old transit systems What was the water problem Cities built public waterworks to deqal with problem As late as 1860 many residents grossly inadequate or nnone at all water Homes seldom had indoor plumbing Water carried cholera and typhoid fever How did they deal witht eh sanitation Open gutters, manure on streets Dumped garbage on streets Privated contractors called sacvengers hired to help, didn?t always do it properly 1900many cities had sewer lines How did they deal with crime New york had firt full time salried police 1844, Law enforcement untis to small to help How did they deal with fire Major fires in almost eery city 1870-80 Lacked water, packed with wooden dwellings, used kerosene lamps Deadly fires during earthquakes san Francisco Most firefighters volunteers Cincinatti first full time firefighters Automatic fire sprlinker 1874 What was the settlement house movement Social gospel movement preached salvation through service to the poor 19th century reformers tried to help urban poor Settlement houses were community centers in slums that provided assistance Run by middle class, college educated womenprovided educational, cultural an social services Jane Addams founded settlement houses, she was influential member Ellen Starr founded Chicago hull house Janie Porter Barret founded locust street settlement ?for African americans 8.1 How were skyskrapers changed Louis Sullivan designed first steel framework building Daniel Burnham designed flatiron skyscraper How did electric transit change Richmond as first city to electrify transit New york suburbs supplied 100,000 commuters A few cities moved streetcars high above street Others moved them below, creating subways What was engineering and urban planning John Roebling provided eleveated promenade on bridge Frederick Olmstead spearheaded planned urban park movement Drew up plan for central park Also planed landscapes for DC and St Lewis What was city planning Chicagos explosive growth 10x was example of unregulated expansion Daniel Burnham remade city Didn?t make small plans Made first ferris wheel, white city for Columbian explosition Chicagos lakefront features grass and sandy beaches What was the revolution in prnting Literacy rate risen to 90% Mills produced huge amount of cheap paer from wood pulp Was durable enough to withstand high speed presses Faster production and lower consts made newpaperss more affordable What were airplanes Wright brothers experimented with new engines Built a glider Then commissioned internal combustion engine and built first airplane 1903 at Kittty Hawk covered 120 feet and lasted 12 seconds What was the photography explosion George Eastman made flexible film, allowed processing at a later date Decided to aim at masses Introduced codak camera For 10 dollars, prijnts were developed Prompted millions americans to become amateur photographers Also opened up field of photojournalism