Age of Absolutism

StudyBlue printing of Age of Absolutism html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Overview The greatest political trend of post-AOD Europe was the centralization of power in the hands of the state A government featuring a monarch with complete authority over the government and his people Origins of Absolutism A growing need for a strong ruler to stop the chaos of the first 1/2 of the 17th century New Religions New wealth created jealousy and competition Competition lead to the strengthening of militaries Divine Right The idea that God put monarchs on the throne to do his work and speak for him The absolute ruler would be unchecked except for his "Christian Conscience" Spain Charles I (of Spain) Charles V (as HRE) Grandson of Ferdinan and Isabella; received Spanish crown in 1516 Hapsburgs Royal family of the Holy Roman Empire Charles I was heir to this throne, also, and soon became Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 Charles V fought constant wars France German Princes Over religion, defending the Roman Catholic Church Ottoman Empire Charles V greatest enemy, almost conquered his capital at Vienna Split crowns-eventually Charles V split up the crowns of Spain and HRE Spain to his son Philip HRE to his brother Ferdinand King Philip II King of Spain, Portugal, (and England) Tireless worker-slept 4 hours a night Very austere-did not live a lavish lifestyle Everything was approved by the King Divine Right-God gave Philip II a responsibility as King that he did not take lightly France A France in Turmoil Religious wars between Huguenots and RC tore France apart, and threatened to split a nation Henry of Navarre: member of the Bourbon Family Stood to inherit the French Throne, but was Protestant He converted to RC, and became Henry IV (Bourbons became royal family of France) Edict of Nantes Allowed Huguenots religious freedom, except for Paris Henry stabilized the economy When Henry was killed, the nobles tried to regain lost power Paving the Way for Absolutism Henry IV's son Louis XII (9 years old) appointed Cardinal Richelieu as his chief minister to help deal with the problems of France Richelieu's Accomplishments Destroyed power of the nobles when he tied them to the crown by making their nobility based on their positions in the court Declared Huguenots armies illegal, and destroyed their walled cities Paved way for absolutism in France Absolutism in France Louis XII died at age 20, leaving 5 year old son Louis XIV the throne Cardinal Mazarin: hand chosen successor of Richelieu Attempted to prepare the young Louis XIV to rule by revolt broke out Fronde (1649-1652) all levels of society revolted for their own reasons The revolt drove the boy king from the city, an experience that Louis XIV would never forget King Louis XIV: "The Sun King" Government Louis XIV oversaw almost everything Intendants Middle class officers that collected taxes, recruited soldiers and carrie dout Louis' policies with loyalty Army increased and became the strongest in Europe Economy Colbert Chief Financial minister Followed mercantilism, pushed industry, raised tariffs Louis XIV spent as much as Colbert saved Versailles Grand Palace that exemplified Louis XIV power Wars of Louis XIV War of Spanish Succession Louis XIV's grandson was Philip V of Spain; Louis tried to unite the crowns Concept-Balance of Power: a distribution of political and economic power that would prevent one nation form domination Europe Treaty of Utrecht Philip remained King of Spain Crowns would never be united Huguenots Louis rejected the Edict of Nantes and drove Huguenots from France, thus cutting out a large section as the very productive middle class Effects of Louis XIV Reign French culture became the model for Europe France was weakened by Louis XIV excesses Holy Roman Empire 30 Years War Beginnings HRE Ferdinand II (Hapsburg) sought to stop Protestants (Calvinists) separatists in Bohemia, he was helped by Spain, France, and Poland Protestant nations (Sweden and Britain) soon rushed to Protestants aid Soon a full European war had broken out that was terrible and bloody Peace of Westphalia France was a clear winner, increasing its land owning HRE was a loser, having to recognize almost full independence of the German Princes Effects of 30 Years War Caused serious splits among fragmented for another 200 years Austrian Hapsburgs started to focus more on Austria Austria Quick Facts Ruling family was Hapsburgs Capital was Vienna Empire had 3 parts Bohemia Austria Hungary Nominally controlled by Holy Roman Empire Threat to Austria and Austrian Absolutism War of Austrian Succession When HRE Charles VI died without a male heir and gave the crown to his daughter Maria Theresa Many nations and her nations nobles thought she would be weak and attacked Prussia under Frederick II "The Great" seized a chunk of Austrian land Maria Theresa was able to hold off Prussia and earned the respect of her people Ottoman Turks Austria was able to push the ottomans out of Hungary The concept of balance of power stopped Austria from completely kicking the Turks out of Europe Because the Muslim Ottomans stayed in the Balkans. Many Europeans in the Balkans are Muslim Hapsburgs continued to rule Austria for many 100s of years Prussia Rise of Prussia While Hapsburgs ran through the 30 Years War, Prussia quietly formed into powerful Kingdom Hohensollerns Royal family of Prussia Solidified their position by controlling the Prussian Junkers Junkers=Prussian nobles Road to Absolutism Frederick Wilhelm the Great Elector Triple the size of Prussia Made Prussia rich Created an 80,000 professionally trained soldier army King Frederick Wilhelm Created the strongest army in Europe and focused country on military ideals Personally trained his son to be an absolute monarch Emperor Frekerick II "The Great" Prussian agression War of Austrian succession Seven Years War (French and Indian War) Started by Prussia attacking Austrian ally Became a World War due to it affecting almost everyone Frederick the Great was a great military leader who made Prussia bigger and stronger Broadcasted that a powerful Prussian Monarch=German unity "German dualism" Race between Prussia and Austria to unite Germany Eastern Europe Russia No where was absolutism stronger than in Russia where the Czars were seen as infallible the Path to Absolutism Ivan IV "the Terrible" Crushed the Boyars Boyars were Russian noble Pushed out the last of the Mongols Was mentally unstable and killed his only heir Times of Trouble The struggle for power after the death of Ivan IV Rise of the Romanovs The Romanov family was elected to be the czars of Russia and return stability to Russia Czar Peter I "the Great" Was a powerful leader who westernized Russia and brought Russia into the Europe vs. Asian world Wars of Peter the Great Took land from Swedes and Poles Goal was to get a "Window to the West", basically a port on the baltic Sea to trade with Europe A New Capital St. Petersburg was built at great human and financial cost Replaced Moscow as the capital of Russia Peter ruled with an iron fist and continued serfdom in Russia, which would hurt russia economically in the long run Absolutist Anomalies Netherlands Used a republican form of government Weak Governments Poland Elected weak kings Ottoman Empire Problems When conquest became difficult people lost respect for governments Depended on the west for any form of modernization Janissaries Professional soldier who became corrupt, but were to powerful for the Ottoman government to eliminate Blocked any modernization because it threatened their power The Ottoman Empire became nothing more than a place holder for European balance of power concerns England New Dynasty Came to power after the death of Elizabeth I of England the end of the Tudor dynasty The Stuarts James I Refused Puritans demands to rid the Anglican church of its Catholic characteristics Charles I Problems Parliament was controlled by Puritans Parliament passed laws that limited the King's power Petition of Rights Parliament controlled taxes Can not imprison with out due cause Could not quarter soldiers in private homes Charles tries to imprison Puritan leaders, leading to war English Civil War Main Issues Absolute Rule vs. Rule by Parliament Anglican Church vs. Puritan Church 2 Groups Cavaliers: supported the king Roundheads: supported Puritan ideals Under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell the Puritans win The Interregnum Time period of rule by Oliver Cromwell Charles I was sentenced to death England was ruled with strict Calvinist's ideals Ireland was firmly brought under English control after trying to revolt This would start the hatred of the British by the Irish Restoration England becomes fed up with Puritan rule and asked the Stuarts to return to power Stuarts Return Charles II Restored Anglicanism James II Was Catholic Political Parties Whigs: opposed James II Tories: supported James II James II tried to reestablish absolutism but failed Glorious Revolution James II is run out of England Replaced with William and Mary William and Mary English Bill of Rights Guaranteed certain rights for British citizens Cabinet a group of ministers appointed by the majority party in parliament Formed a bridge between monarch and parliament