Anatomy 1

Biology 2020 with Klukowski at Middle Tennessee State University

About this deck

By: Maria Ortega
Textbook:

Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function
Created: 2011-01-28
Size: 104 flashcards
Views: 109

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Hormones change what in a target cell

Enzymes and Structural proteins

Amino acid derivatives

Catecholamines, thyroid hormones, melatonin

Catecholamines

amino acid derivative which includes epinephrine, norepinphrine, and dopamine

Hormones which are derived from tyrosine

Catcholamines and Thyroid hormones

Hormone derived from Typtophan

Melatonin

Melatonin is secreted by the

pineal gland

Peptide Hormones

mostly secretly by hypothalamus and pituitary

Insulin is what type of hormone

peptide

Glucagon is what type of hormone

peptide

PTH is what type of hormone

peptide

GH is what type of hormone

peptide

Thyroid stimulating hormone is what type of hormone

peptide

Steroid hormones are what type of hormone derivative

lipid

Androgen

released by the ovaries/testes, lipid derivative

Lipid derivatives

steroids, eicosanoids

Leukotrines and Prostaglandins

Eicosanoids

Adrenal medulla secretes

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

Adrenal cortex

Aldosterone ( major mineralcorticoid), Glucocorticoids, Sex steroids ( androgens)

Hypothalamus secretes

dopamine, CRH, GnRH

Hypothalamus makes these hormones but does not secrete it

**Oxytocin, **ADH

Pineal gland secretes

Melatonin

Ovaries/testes secrete

androgens,estrogens, progestins

Kidneys secrete

calcitriol

Posterior Pituitary Gland secretes

oxytocin, ADH

Anterior Pituitary Gland secretes

FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, GH, PRL

Thyroid Gland secretes

Calcitonin, Thyroid hormone

Thymus secretes

thymopoietin, thymosin

Pancreas secretes

Insulin, glucagon,

Major components in the brain that deal with endocrine system

hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland

Structures that are not glands but are part of the endocrine system

pancreas, heart, kidney,liver, stomach/intestines, adipose tissue

2 most common endocrine diseases

Diabetes Melitus, Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism

thyroid doesnt secrete enough hormone

Hormone

chemical messengers that travel in the blood to reach specific cells in other tissues

Three broad categories of hormones

Amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, lipid derivatives

Which amino acid derivative is secreted by the hypothalmus

dopamine

Which amino acid derivative is secreted by the thyroid gland

thyroid hormones

The pituitary and hypothalamus secrete most of what type of hormone

peptide hormones

2 subcategories that are lipid derivatives

steroid hormones, eicosanoids

why is cholesterol important in the endocrine system

building block for steroids

What are the three major source of steroid hormones in the body

ovaries/testes Adrenal glands, kidneys

Prostaglandins

eicosanoid used for metabolism reproduction perception of pain, does not use a trnasport protein

besides the liver, what are some ways that hormones are eventually broken down

binds to its target cell, broken down by enzymes int he plasma or ECF

Steroid hormones and what other type of hormones tend to last a long time in circulation

thyroid

Hormones that bind to receptors are called

first messengers

cAMP, cyclic GMP, calcium ions are

second messengers

hormone binding to a receptor results in

amplification

Down- Regulation

the presence of hormone can decrease in the number of receptors

UP- regulation

when a hormone is scarce, the number of receptors on the cell membrane increases

The link between a 1st and 2nd messenger is the

G protein

What does the G protein do

Alters the amount of 2nd messenger in the cytoplasm

G protein activates what enzyme

adenylate cyclase

Adenylate cyclase

converts ATP to cAMP

hormones that act on the G-protein cAMP mechanism

glucagon PTH calcitonin NE E

Kinase

activated by the 2nd messenger, attaches to a phosphate group called phosphorlation

what are the 2 major effects that phosphorlation can have on a cell

changes cell metabolism, or opens ion channels and voltage

Role of phosphodiesterase

inactivates cAMP

2 major locations for thyroid hormone receptors

nucleus mitochondria

2 major hormones released by the hypothalamus that regulate the anterior pituitary gland, and what do these hormones promote

CRH--> ACTH GnRH--> FSH/LH

2 hormones made by hypothalamic neurons but stored in the posterior pituitary gland

Oxytocin (OT) Antidiurectic Hormone ( ADH)

Hypophyseal portal system

network of small veins and capillaries between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland.

Define hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract, and where is it located

a bundle of axons that run between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland. Infundibulum.

the four tropic hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH

What does tropic hormones mean?

hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete their hormones

FSH

Follicle Stimulating Hormone. Stimulates growth of ovarian follicle and estrogen secretion in females and sperm production in males. Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. ( gonadotropin)

Luteining hormone. Stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone in males

TSH

Thyroid stimulating hormone

--influences the growth of the thyroid gland.

--stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone.

--secreted by anterior pituitary gland

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

-- stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

Growth hormone

-- secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

PRL

Prolactin

-- stimulates mammary gland development and milk production

-- secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

Oxytocin

--positive feedback

--stimulates uterine contraction

-- stimulates milk release in lactating mothers

-- cuddle hormone

-- Made by the hypothalamus but secreted but the posterior pituitary gland

ADH

Antidiuretic Hormone

-- causes kidneys to reabsorb more water from the urine thereby conserving water

-- stimulates sense of thirst

-- Made by the hypothalamus but secreted but the posterior pituitary gland

4 major factors regulating pituitary hormones

1. releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus ( Gnrh, cRH)

2. neuroendocrine reflexes

3. other brain areas ( hearing a baby cry, emotional stress)

4. negative feedback inhibition

Where is the pineal gland and what hormones does it secrete

Posterior to the thalamus; beneath posterior end of corpus callosum. Melatonin

Melatonin

1. inhibits reproduction, puberty

2. circadian rhythms

3. certain mood disorders such as PMS/ SAD

4. secreted by the pineal gland

Thyroid gland- where and what hormones

1. located in the throat just inferior to the larynx

2.Calcitonin and Thyroid hormone

Calcitonin

-- secreted by the thyroid

-- lowers blood calcium

Thyroid hormone

-- increase metabolic rate

-- secreted by thyroid

Thyroid hormone is actually composed of what 2 hormones

thyroxine and tridothyronin

Disorder which is hyposecretion of thyroid hormone

Myxedema

Cause of endemic goiter

--iodine defiency

because there is not enough iodine, thyroid cannot make thyroid hormone, this leads to very little negative feedback on the pituitary, which then pit secretes excess TSH which enlarges the thyroid

Cause of toxic goiter

-- autoimmune disease which antibodies mim TSH enlarging thyroid, this raises thyroid hormone secretion.

Why can someone develop carpopedal spasm?

early sign of someone becoming hypocalcemic

Where is the thymus located? Is it larger early of late in life

Upper sternum, early

2 hormones released by the thymus

Thymopoietin, Thymosin

Thymopoietin and Thymosin

regulatin developement of T cells

Hormones secreted by the ovaries

Estrogens and Progestins

Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

a) mineralcorticoids ( aldosterone)

b) glucocorticoids

c) sex steroids

What type of hormone is often used in medicine to suppress the immune system and from which gland is it secreted

Adrenal cortex - glucocorticoids

2 hormones released by the pancreas

insulin and glucagon

What is the source of testosterone in females?

Zona reticularis in adrenal cortex

Diabetes Mellitus I and II -- the differences

I dont produce insulin II dont respond to insulin

Mediastinum

space between the 2 lungs ( left lung is smaller)

Pericardium

fibrous sack that surrounds the heart of 2 layers.

parietal and visceral

Parietal pericardium

outer layer. consists of dense irregular tissue and areolar CT with an inner lining of simple squamous

Visceral pericardium

epicardium inner layer which clings to the heart

Three layers of the heart wall

Epicardium(visceral)-outer layer of simple squamous inner layer of areolar

Myocardium- muscular wall of heart forms both atria and ventricles composed of muscle tissue blood vessels and nerves

Endocardium-innermost layer of heart wall. innermost layer of heart wall

What ways are cardiac and skeletal muscle the same/differ?

Same-

-- striated

---made up of myofibrils

differ-

--- cardiac muscles are small and uninucleate.

--- more mitochondrian.

---- more myoglobin.

----richly vascularized compared to skeletal.

-----very good aerobically.

----Larger but shorter t-tubles and less SR than skel ( thus through contraction the big t-tubules are important for the influx of calcium )

-- Cardiac is branched

--- Intercalated discs

2 major types of junctions within intercalated discs and their functions

Desomosomes- help transfer contraction

gapjunctions- allow small molecules and ions to flow between cells, thereby electrically connecting the cells

autorhythmic

the tissue contracts without neural stimulation

Describe the pathway of blood

1.superior/inferior vena cavas- carying deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

2. Right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary semilunar valves to the trunk

3.pumonary trunk divides the blood into the pulmonary arteries

4.gas exchanges happens in the lungs and the oxygenated blood is fed into the pulmonary veins.

5.blood is deliver to the left atrium goes through the Left AV valve to the

6. left ventricle pumps blood through theaortic semilunar valves into the ascending aorta

Interatrial septum

thin wall seperating L/R atriums closes up after birth.

interventricular septum

thick wall seperating L/R atrium.

foramen ovale

opening the occurs while in embryonic stage between L/R atria

fossa ovalis

shallow depression where the foramen ovale was.

About this deck

By: Maria Ortega
Textbook:

Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function
Created: 2011-01-28
Size: 104 flashcards
Views: 109

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy