Anatomy Midterm #1
Anatomy & Physiology 220 with Tomco at Brigham Young University
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Structural Organization of Body
Chemical - Organelles - Cellular - Tissue - Organ - Organ System - Organism
Anatomy
To cut up or to cut open
Sagittal, Midsagittal, Parasagittal Planes
vertical plane; exactly in the middle; off to the side
Sural
Calf
Crural
Leg
Perineal
Anus
Cervical
Neck
Axillary
Armpit
Antecubital
Front of elbow; anterior view
Olecranal
Elbow
Inguinal
Groin
Coxal
Hip
RUQ
liver, gallbladder
LUQ
stomach
RLQ
Intestines, bladder, appendix
LLQ
Intestines, bladder
Pleural Cavity houses...
Lungs
Pericardial Cavity houses...
Heart
Serous Membrane
two-layered sack - visceral and parietal
in-between layers is the serous cavity
contains serous fluid - purpose=lubrication
Serous Membrane surrounding the Heart...
Pericardium
Serous Membrane surrounding the Lungs...
Pleura
Serous Membrane surrounding the abdominal-pelvic...
Peritoneum
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Best for soft structures
Radiography
X-rays; Best for hard structures
Angiography
Visualizes blood vessels
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Creates a functional map of an organ
Pre-embryonic Period
Week 1-2; Process - Day 1 (Fertilization), Zygote, Cleavage, Morula, Blastocyte (Trophoblast (becomes chorion, fetal half of placenta; Syntio and Cyto) and Embryoblast/ICM/Inner Cell Mass, Implantation (Day 7-10)
Bilaminar Disc
Formed from the Embryoblast/ICM/Inner Cell Mass. Two layers: Epiblast (Embryo & Amnion) and Hypoblast (Yolk Sac)
Embryonic Period
Week 3-8
Formation of Three Germ Layers
Epiblast gets the primitive streak; gastrulation-cells from the epiblast start forming germ layers (endoderm - digestive and respiratory systems; mesoderm - everything else; ectoderm - nerves; brain; skin); Hypoblast regresses
Neurulation
occurs when neural tube (brain and spinal cord) is formed; notochord tells the ectoderm to form neural tube (this is called induction) and ectoderm forms it
Organogensis
Organ creation happens after gastrulation and body folding; most organs are developed by week 8; embryo is an inch big long
Fetal Period
Week 9-38; growth period; now that everything is created this period takes care of the growth and starts looking more like a baby
Birth Defects
Causes of 50% of birth defects are unknown
Teratogen
anything that causes a birth defect
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
one of few preventable birth defects; leading cause of mental retardation
Accutane
last source for acne treatment; pregnant women taking this cause the baby to have serious birth defects
Four types of Tissue
Connective; Muscular; Epithelial; Nervous
Epithelial Tissue
functions - protection; selective permeability; secretion; sensation; minimal amount of ECF; has apical and basal layers; attaches to basement membrane; no blood vessels; nerve endings; regenerates at high speed
Intercellular Junctions
Tight junctions closer to apical layer; Adhering junctions right underneath tight junctions; Desmosomes provides resistance at single stress point; Gap junctions are direct passageways for small molecules to travel between cells
Simple Squamous Epithelial
one flat cell; Functions - diffusion, filtration; Locations - Lung air sacs (alveoli), Lining of blood vessels, serous membranes
Simple Cuboidal Epithelial
one square cell; Functions - absorption, secretion
Simple Columnar Epithelial
one long cell; Functions - absorption, movement, secretion
Stratified Squamous Epithelial
Multiple Flat cell; Functions - protection; Locations - Lining of oral cavity, Pharynx, Anus, Vagina, Esophagus, Epidermis of skin
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial
looks like multiple but only one long cell; Functions - protection, movement
Transitional Epithelial
cells that move around; Functions - distention, relaxation; Locations - ureters, bladder, urethra
Exocrine Glands
produce oil/sweat; ducts secrete material onto an epithelial surface
Endocrine Glands
produce hormones; ductless; cells secrete products into interstitial fluid and bloodstream
Merocrine Glands
Exocrine gland; watery sweat; secretes via vesicles; lacrimal, salivary, gastric, pancreatic, and eccrine sweat glands
Holocrine Gland
Exocrine gland; oil; entire cell disintegrates; sebaceous glands
Apocrine Gland
Exocrine gland; thick sweat, breast milk; secrete by cell decapitation; mammary and apocrine sweat glands
Common embryonic origin of CT
Mesenchyme
Types of CT
Bone, Blood, Cartilage, Connective Tissue Proper (Loose/Dense CT)
Characteristics of CT
Cells are not in direct contact with each other; Cells float in the Extracellular Matrix; ECM is made up of Protein fibers (collagen, elastic, and reticular) and Ground Substance (proteins, carbs, and water)
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective Tissue - Adipose, Areolar, Reticular; Dense Connective Tissue - Regular, Irregular, Elastic
Scurvy
Lack of Vitamin C; collagen fibers cannot form;
Collagen
strong; not flexible; rod shaped protein; keeps teeth and skin in place
Gangrene
caused by lack of Blood flow, mechanical injury, bacterial infection or diabetes; commonly effects limbs, fingers, and toes; dry, wet, and gas gangrene
Types of Hair
Lanugo, Vellus, Terminal
Muscle in Hair Sructure
Arrector pili muscle
Alopecia
Baldness
Sabaceous Glands
Oil gland; exocrine gland; entire body except palms and soles; produces sebum as lubricant; Holocrine secretion method
Stucture of Long Bong
Nutrient foramen; Periosteum; Perforating fibers; Compact bone; Spongy bone; Endosteum; Medullary Cavity; Epiphysis; Diaphysis; Metaphysis; Articular Cartilage
Osteoprogenitor cells
Stem cells for bones
Osteoblast
immature; BUILD; decreases blood calcium levels
Osteoclasts
CONSUME; increase blood calcium levels
Osteomalacia
lack of Vitamin D and calcium; Rickets in children
Osteitis Deformans
Paget's disease; excessive osteoblasts and osteoclasts function; bone is unstable and immature
Foramina and Canals are pathways for...
blood vessels and nerves
Thalidomide
teratogen; affects limb formation during week 4-8
Polydactyly
Extra digits
Meromelia
Parital absence of a limb
Phocomelia
Short, poorly formed limb; fin-like
Amelia
Complete absence of limb
About this deck
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy