Anthro 104

Anthropology 104 with Salomon at University of Wisconsin - Madison

About this deck

By: Ali Coenen
Textbook:

Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship: The New Chinese Immigrants in the San Francisco Bay Area (Part of the New Immigrants Series)
Mirror for Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropolgy

The Balinese (Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology)

The Reindeer People: Living With Animals and Spirits in Siberia

Weaving a Future: Tourism, Cloth, and Culture on an Andean Island
Created: 2009-12-20
Size: 102 flashcards
Views: 343

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Human Diversity

range of diversity that actually exists in bodies & cultures

Cultural construction about human diversity

the way groups construe differences to make up classifications about self & other or the "kinds" of people they think exist

Human journey out of Africa

50,000-40,000 years ago (humans came into present existence 100,000)

Burakumin

"untouchables" of Japan that made leather; thought to be biologically a different "breed"

Hypodescent rule

person's race defined by most inferior racial identity in their geneology

Racial continuum

not just "black" and "white"; races in between (in Brazil)

Situational race

can change race by changing lifestyle

Ethnic Identity

view from w/in a group; cultural proposition about collective selfhood

Ethnic group

social category of people based on shared perceptions of ancestory or social experience

Ojibwe (colonization)

Group of people who moved with the appearance of French

US constitution (Ojibwe)

gave rights to states to write trade rules & rules w/ tribes

Land cessions (Ojibwe)

US allowed Indians to live on land they way they always had; treaty established reservations w/in lands (no one could come in & cut trees)

Cultural identity (Ojibwe spear fishermen)

Ojibwe had to defend themselves against non-Indians for rights to spear fish; was positive for their identity

Wallerstein's World-system theory

single, worldwide social system has stratified whole societies and countries: based on wealth and power differentials within emerging capitalism; new level of sociopolitical integration

Core (nation-state)

dominant positions, most expansive, technological economies

semiperiphery

has a periphery of its own, but supplies raw goods to core

Periphery

some previously stateless & "primitive"; producers of raw goods

Eric Wolf & Marxism (Materialism & ideology)

position that all existence is material; denial of non-material entities (become Marx's argument that economy determines human facts); Marxians see cultural life of symbols & meanings as ideology rather than as working "base" of social life

Eric Wolf & Peasant society

Wolf pointed out that peasants were the majority of people in the world; they were historically dynamic populations (whereas Marx saw peasants as uninteresting)

Eric Wolf & Historisicm

Not the steady state, but change is normal; not functional equilibrium but conflict is normal; there are no "peoples without history"

Enclave economies

local insertions of agro-industrial tech; using "native" laborr to make commodities for export

Imperial governance

colonial boundaries set in disregard of existing ethnic terretories

mimesis

imitation of colonial power

alterity

distancing from colonial power

Kinship-based mode of production

horticulture & herding or hunting/gathering; production & consumption organized in kinship

tributary mode of production

political and military elites perpetuate selves and expand by extracting surplus from indigenous; coercion & domination key relations of production

capitalist mode of production

economic elites dominate society by owning means of production and buying labor as commodity; labor no longer connected w/ kinship or political ties; economic relations of class advantage & disadvantage are key relations of production

Synchronic

Occurring at a specific point in time

Diachronic

Thinking "through" time; change as inherent aspect of society and culture

Stucturalism & founder

Claude Live-Strauss - certain basic, unconscious structures underly the organization of all cultures

Levi-Strauss
"Cold" Vs "Hot" for history

primitive societies are "cold" to history; they experience change as surface turbulence & not source of meaningful change
Industrial societies are "hot" to history; experience change as source of meaning (progress, self-realization)

"Denial of contemporaenity"
(in terms of non-historical ethnography)

Belief that "primitive" or peripheral societies exist in a "time bubble" and are "untouched by time"

"Ethnographic present"

a supposed steady state before the West imposed historic change

Segmentary societies

explain why parts of a single society disagree in the past

"Proprietary histories"

internal discourse of segments

History of "other" peoples

History is written by the victors; early ethno-historians searched for history of "people without history"

History using ethnological concepts as framework for analysis

Legends w/in ethnic group inconsistent; problematic for colonial "customary law courts"; resulting in Western theories about impossibility of history in "oral societies"; some people have the idea that only literate societies have a past; sometimes will see claim from two cultures that maintain same occurrence; history is not just leading up to a certain point and it's not a certain succession of events

Multiple histories in multiple cultures

Geertz: "From the ship" and "from the shore" philosophy (history usually written from outside perspective and not native point of view)

Puputan

king and entire court (in Dutch colonial Bali) were massacred in suicidal attack on Dutch army

Esa Daka Rudra ritual

Cope with transformations set in motion by encounters with the West; during the ceremony - a volcano erupted and killed many Balinese

Multiplying history by culture

From ethnological perspective there is no such thing as history in the singular; there are as many histories as there are cultures

Praxilogical history of the West

History imagined as an aggregate of innumerable small actions (e.g. voting, migrating, buying, selling)

Mythopractical history of pre-colonial Hawaii

World changing action as patterned and programed by myth and ritual (act all at once - single actions)
Example: Captain Cook was 1st welcomed by Hawaiians but then came back a short time later and was killed

Sahlins argument (in regards to Captain Cook & Hawaii)

After Cook's return, he appeared in ritual of war god

Obeyeskere

Argues that Sahlins perpetuates the idea that Westerners are interpreted as gods by all indigenous peoples

Globalization (examples)

spread of human rights concepts; consumption of certain industrial products; free-flowing world capital system; tourism; transcontinental migration

Globalization (concept)

anthropological definition: any process that renders the geographical distance between locations irrelevant

Deterritorialization

detaching the idea of "a culture" from the idea of "a place"; no longer think of "Islands of culture" where cultures are bounded to a single place, but that they are overlapping, interconnected and mobile

Diaspora

any movement of population sharing common national and/or ethical identity (e.g. Transnational Fiesta)

Transnational

way of life: migration that results not in changing homes but having permanently multiple homes

Ethnoscape

"landscape" where many peoples and cultures are simultaneously present

"Production of locality"

every society needs to "produce locals" (who are people whose loyalty will prevent its resources from being swallowed by the overarching context)

"Glocalization"

When a group absorbs parts of its global environment, it tends to rework them so as to "produce locality" (e.g. Mexican-Americans reworked global products of GM into "ethnic" cars)

Creolization & Pidgin

when peoples w/o a common language must interact (in trade, conquest, etc.) they invent pidgin (simplified version of a language used as interlingua) languages

Pidgin becomes creole when...

a generation whose parents speak pidgin to each other teach it to their children as their first language

"commoditized culture"

culture as a product to be sold; tourist communities create fake representations of their own past

Multi-sited ethnography

following culture from "home" through diaspora (movement)

Hegemony

Ideas from the dominant/ruling class that become the norm of the peoples being ruled (e.g. "Democracy is good")

Indigenous internationalism

Congress untied previously distant groups

who is indigenous?

'rights of prior occupancy' (who was there first - less clear where peoples have been moving back and forth over each other's space)

Narratives of indigeneity

ideological charters about being original, first on the land, unique, and oppressed in a way requiring redress

Linguistic exogamy

One should marry a mate who has a different first language (doing otherwise is considered a sort of incest)

Pact among groups (ways to think about society)

each with specific constitutional rights and duties (local medieval crowns consolidated under the king)

Pact among citizens (way to think about societies)

individuals who have equal personal rights; none different than another

Dawes Act of 1887 (American Indians - after Wounded Knee)

parcel reservation lands into "allotments" which tribal members would be allowed to sell (set up to dissolve group rights and turn American Indians into "regular" Americans; reservations dissolved into individual property)

Applied anthro job market

commercial applications (business anthropologists); noncommercial sectors: NGO's, military, world bank

Why do rich populations have slow pop. growth?

Costs a lot of money to raise a child; norm is having small families & educated kids; postpone pregnancies due to jobs; little support from kin because of scattering nuclear families

Why do poor populations have fast pop. growth?

No substitute for children as helpers; many births nullify infant mortality; people with many kin have more in-laws (reciprocity); cost of raising child is small; some kids move to city & send back money for family

Indigenous knowledge systems have provided societies with...

technologies such as quinine, curare (cardiac drug), aspirin

Biopiracy

Industrial nations take basic medicine derived from "folk medicine" and patent them in their own countries

Ayahuacsa patent lawsuit

Miller sought US patent on Amazonian hallucinogen & was challenged by Ecuadorian groups; US law still allows patenting of unpublished traditional knowledge from any country

Human terrain systems

US military places social scientists in army (minimize non-combatant deaths)

"the original affluent society"

hunter-gatherer societies are able to achieve affluence (enough material goods) by desiring little and meeting those desires and needs with what is available to them

embeddedness

complex societies are built of simple relationships (i.e. different people provide different resources); simple societies are built of complex relationships (i.e. one person provides many different resources)

Rites of passage: stages

1. Separation: "killing" a person in one status
2. Liminality: removing them to be transformed and trained (communitas - togetherness with people in similar situations when between identities)
3. Incorporation: reintegrating them as "reborn" into new status

Big man

Person who leads a stateless society through feats of generosity

Generalized reciprocity

Sharing/giving something without expecting immediate returns

Difference theory (in terms of linguistic differences between men & women)

Women use body language to build rapport (social connections) and psychological comfort
Men report to deliver information and prove competence & establish themselves in male dominated hierarchy

Dominance Theory (in terms of linguistic differences between men & women)

Men and women inhabit same cultural linguistic world, but power and status are distributed unequally (if the speaker dominates the conversation - they act/speak differently than if they are powerless)

Lifeworlds

How we experience global, local and personal experiences and they way they shape us

Functionalism

features of a system exist because they serve functions in the system, and therefore enable it to go on existing in a steady state

Tribe (defined by Kottack)

acephalous, politically autonomous forager or pastoral group

Headmen

People accept on person who purposes action (people usually try to avoid headmanship); has no power of command; has to be a standard-setter & "lead from behind"

Soldalities

non-kin groups, often based on common age or gender(e.g. fraternity with many chapters)

Age Grade

bracketed stage of life (e.g. youth, adult)

Age Set

Those who progress together through a series of age grades (generations)

Primordialist (in ethnohistory)

emic view; based on real ancient ties of kinship

instrumentalist (in ethnohistory)

use ethnicity and race to get political gain, resources, rights, etc.

Constructivists (in ethnohistory)

how people create identities

State

Institution; permanent political structure; centralized

Nation

A people who believe no other nation/state should be ruling over them

Mechanical solidarity

society held together and controlled by commonality of knowledge and belief (such as foragers)

Organic solidarity

society held together and controlled by thought of complentary (?) difference and interdependence (capitalist or state societies)

Priestly religions

authority in specially trained people; priests full-time & are supported & paid by peasants; religion contains code of law and ritual (typical of large, complex, agrarian societies)

Ritual of commemoration

Define "us" as opposed to "others"; sharing imagined past

Myth

Ways of trying to express truths behind the facts (not a mistake, not a story)

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

varying cultural concepts and categories inherent in different languages affect the cognitive classification of the experienced world in such a way that speakers of different languages think and behave differently because of it

Model tags (linguistics)

When a speaker wants confirmation "isn't it?"

Affective tags

When the speakers is concerned for the effect of the other party "open it, could you?"

"symbolic capital"

person's speech and other cultural attributes have greater or lesser value in a "marketplace" of prestige (taken as symbols of status in society)

"symbolic domination"

people whose symbolic capital is "low" accept their poor speech and this puts them at a psychological disadvantage