Anthro Final Exam

Anthropology 1006 with Bellantoni at University of Connecticut

About this deck

By: Courtney Araujo
Textbook: Introducing Anthropology: An Integrated Approach
Created: 2010-12-15
Size: 88 flashcards
Views: 184

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Production

How goods are brought in

Distribution

How goods are given out

Consumption

How goods are used

Modes of Production

A set of social relations through which labor is deployed to extract energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge.

Foraging Economy

A hunting and gathering economy, usually of small, migratory populations. There is a division of labor by sex and age. Cooperation is theme, conflict is kept to a minimum. Decision making is by consensus and the entire group is the economic unit of production.

Pastoralism

A way of life in which technology is devoted to gaingin a liveligood from the care of large herds of domestic animals. All by-products of an animal are used. Populations in the 100s are migratory; they have a concept of private ownership, mainly with animals. Division of labor by sex.

Horticulture

It is the first cultivating economy and includes technology where people plant seeds, roots, and tubers. There is the use of tools, like the hoe or digging stick. Land ownership was decided by extended kin groups. Kin-based social systems. Division of labor by sex, women sometimes had prestige. Household was economic unit of production.

Swidden Agriculture

slash and burn technique of farming used in horticulture economies

Shifting Horticulture

moving to other areas of land in horticulture economies

Agriculture

Uses technology of plows, domesticated animals, irrigation systems, and terracing. Concept of private property established. Much larger populations, usually in the thousands. There is a greater labor demand. Had centralized authority to manage land and labor. Economic unit was the household. Ranked society is developed based on occupation and a money economy is born.

Sedentary Agriculture

Occupying a particular piece of land continuously generation after generation

Industrialism

The production of subsistence goods through the intensive use of fuel-powered machinery. Mobile society is created. Division of labor is now by function not by sex. Economic unit of production is now by individual because of competition for jobs. There is class-based social structure.

Capital

Goods used to produce other goods. In foraging and horticulture societies everybody has access to capital. In complex societies access falls into the hands of the ruling class.

Economic Exchange

there are three types:
Reciprocity
Redistribution
Market Exchange

Reciprocity

Is the systematic sharing of food or gifts and is key to social bonds. There are three types:
Generalized
Balanced
Negative

Generalized Reciprocity

is informal gift-giving, no accounts are kept and no immediate or specific returns are expected. It is gift-giving for the sake of gift-giving. Normally between friends and relatives.

Balanced Reciprocity

is gift giving that carries the obligation of a roughly equal return. What is given must be balanced by the return of something comparable. This usually occurs between distant friends of equal social status

Negative Reciprocity

the idea is to get something for nothing or as little as possible. Each side is trying to get the better end of a bargain. Usually occurs between enemies or strangers during impersonal transactions.

Redistribution

the process by which goods and services flow through a centralized authority. They are sorted, counted and reallocated. An example would be taxes

Market Exchange

Is simply the exchange of goods by buyers and sellers. It can be either directly, like by barter, or indirectly, with money and pricing.

Power

The ability to exercise one's will over others

Authority

socially approved use of power. It is used to regulate behavior

Political Ideology

shared value and beliefs that legitimize power

Cross-cultural Approach

Includes the main themes:
Political Structure
Leadership
Social control or order
Warfare

Levels of Political Organization

there are different levels of political organization based on the type of society. Some are:
Bands
Tribes
Chiefdoms
States

Bands

Political Structure: politically autonomous, rare to have institutional authority
Leadership: no formal leaders (headman), little differential authority, consensus decision making. Leadership is based on talents and respects.
Social Control: informal, consensus judgment, banishment of repeated violators.
Warfare: conflict resolved informally, fighting consists of family feuds and personal problems. Not continual fighting and no formal organization of war. Cooperation is theme

The Inuits

Inuit Headman (example of Band Leadership): Usually male, women consultations, most proficient hunter, most accomplished in rituals, could be one or several persons, influential - not power.
Inuit Dueling Songs (example of Band Social Order): used to resolve disputes. Would perform songs to express their side of the story. Used to vent anger and lay issues to rest. Winner is chosen by applause

Tribes

Political Structure: Kin-based social system, organized by village life and descent group
Leadership: No formal government, more effective regulatory mechanisms than bands, nominal leaders.
Social Control: informal means that is based on public sentiment. Held "ordeals" which are trials with the headman or council acting as mediators in settling disputes.
Warfare" raiding other villages, linked to kin-groups, war is grounded in material or ecological conditions.

The Yanomamo

Yanomamo Village Headman (example of Tribe Leadership: authority is limited, leads by example and persuasion, serves as mediator, leads by generosity and hard work.

The Melanesian

Melanesian "Big Man" (example of Tribe Leadership): highly influential, no formal authority, skilled persuasion and wisdom, never secure in position.

Chiefdoms

Political Systems: Ranked societies based on concept of hereditary inequality, Used redistribution exchange patterns
Leadership: Centralized, formal office of chief
Social Control: chief has authority to make judgments, to punish, and to solve disputes. His word is law.
Warfare: chiefs recruit armies, systematic warfare, dominates surrounding communities.

The Potlatch

Potlach Redistribution System (example of Chiefdom Economic Exchange): process by which goods and services flow through a centralized authority. Its sorted, counted, and reallocated. Balances consumption.

States

Political System: a hierarchical, centralized form of political organization. Involves a central government that has legal monopoly over the use of force.

Based on codified LAW. Has class-based social systems. Incorporation of a variety of political administrative bureaucracies. Maintains armies. Social control is maintained through government, concept of nationality, citezenship.

Warfare: global economic rivalries, costly, leads to increased centralized control

Descent Groups

A kind of kinship group in which membership requires being a direct lineal descendant of a real or mythical ancestor. Evolve from the extended family organization.

Unilineal

Descent through male or female line

Bilateral

Descent through both male and female lines

Cross-Cousin Marriage

Different sex parent link.
Mother's Brother's child marries Father's Sister's child

Parallel Cousins

Same Sex Parent Link
Mother's Sister's child marries Father's Brother's child

Types of Kin

Fictive: Arbitrarily assigned; adoption
Consanguineal: Blood kin - biological
Affinal: Kin by marriage

Patrilineal/Matrilineal Descent

Descent traded through the male's line or group./Descent traced through the female's line or group. The mother's brother is the dominant male figure.

Clans

Non-corporate descent groups based on a common ancestor. Lacks residential unity and is based on symbols

Descriptive Kinship Terminological Systems

terms refer to one specific relative. ex: father, husband

Classificatory Kinship Terminological Systems

terms refer to a group of relatives in the same relation. ex: cousins, uncles

Inuit or Eskimo Kinship System

Distinguishes the nuclear family. All cousins are lumped together under the same term. All Aunts are lumped together under the same term by mother. Same for uncles. Neolocal residence patterns.

Iroquois Kinship System

Unilineal Descent. Father and father's brother given single term. Same for mother. Parallel cousins are labeled brother and sister. Cross-cousins are not. Different terms for relatives on the fathers and mothers side.

Functions of the Family

1) Provides socially approved sexual relationships between men and women
2) provides basic education and care of offspring
3) Establishes a social identity for the individual
4) Provides a fundamental economic unit

Enculturation

process by which rules and values of a specific culture are learned through social interaction.

Independent Nuclear Family

Monogamous, domestic group consisting of married couple and their children, highly mobile, support system. Expected to provide all the social interaction and emotion gratification. Neolocal residence patterns.

Polygamous or Plural Family

One person married to more than one spouse.

Polygynous Family

One man, several wives

Plyandrous Family

One woman, several husbands.

Extended Family

created when newly married couple moves in with bride's or groom's family and dwell in the same household. Roles and Chores to more individuals. Love is a minor concern, cooperation is the theme.

Patrilocal

Couple moves in with Groom's family. Cooperative labor of men. Inheritance in Male Line.

Matrilocal

Living with Bride's family, Cooperative labor of women.

Amibilocal

couple spends time in the households of either set of parents and later moves in with the other. changing on a regular basis.

Marriage Systems

Socially Sanctioned sexual and economic union between men and women. Marriage as a form of alliances.

Exogamy

to marry out

Endogamy

To marry in

Bridewealth (Bride's Price)

Husband's group compensates family of the bride with goods/money to give groom the right to marry bride. no social stratification.

Dowry

woman's inheritance that she takes into marriage. Family wealth is held common. Neolocal residence pattern.

Bride Service

Requires groom to work for bride's family, varies in duration and may substitute for bridewealth

Culture of Paradoxes

Ideals vs. Actual Behavior
Peace-loving People vs. Violent Crimes, Wars
Rugged Individualism vs. Conformity
Human Equality vs. Pre-occupation with class, race, and sex
Humanitarianism vs. Hostility to welfare, nat. health insurance and guarantee incomes.

Conformity

Margaret mead = co-figurative
prevailing model for members of our society is the behavior of their contemporaries. Mass-production makes conformity easier. We all get the same messages, wear the same clothes.

American Conformity-
concerned with people of our social position and age-set. Don't want to be different. Have, Think, or Do.

Democratic Beliefs:
if majority adopt an opinion you set yourself up as being better or different from the majority if you question it.

Common Man Cult

associated with conformity. you can admit you are more fortunate than others, but not that you are better than others. "get ahead" but don't make a big deal about it. Identify with common people.

Authority

Difficult to exercise in America. We are not comfortable with authority. Rejection of authority.

Concepts of Youth

Valued, yet distrusted. Keeping up with new trends, idea is to be young (Middle aged crisis). America is a future oriented society. Each generation is confronted with a new set of technology, and changing social conditions which leads to rapid culture change.

Youth and Progress

Progress = new things, new developments. Result = lack of confidence in the methods of the past. However the new generation has no dependable solution to problems. Conformity = wanting new things that others may have

Self - Reliance and Hard work ethic

individualism and hard work is stressed. Failure becomes person. Great fear of failure. There is a paradox: individualism vs. responnsibility for individual actions. we want credit, but not blame.

Religion

consists of a belief in the existence of the supernatural and of ways of dealing with it. It is one way of explaining and responding to the unknown.

Functions of Religion

Explanation: answers questions for which there are no other answers
Validation: supports the basic institutions, values, goals of a culture
Integration: pulls the members of a group together.

Anthropocentric View

humans see themselves as the center of the universe. symbolic expression of human life.

Behavioral Environment

Environment as conceived by the individual. Includes animate and inanimate elements. the individual does not necessarily react to the physical environment but to the behavioral environment that the culture has constructed. Thoughts and Behaviors should be adaptive. Often no distinction between the natural and the supernatural.

World View

Culturally shaped way one sees and interprets the world

Animism

Belief that spirits reside within all organic and inorganic substances. present among foragers and horticulturalists.

Polytheism

Belief in many gods who all have varying degrees of power. Common in agriculturists.

Monotheism

Belief in one god. Also common in agriculturalists

Ritual

behavior that is repetitive, sequential, non-ordinary, and powerful.

Priest

Authority conferred by office. Power is public and formal. Maintains relationship with god. Responsible for ritual.

Shaman

Ability to control spirits. Healing powers

Witchcraft

psychic ability of some people to harm others

Sorcery

magical strategy; manipulate objects to bring harmful or beneficial effects.

Development

improvement in the quality of human life. Developing social, political, and economic systems which allow individual potentiality, feelings of self-esteem, and adequate health and well-being.

Underdeveloped Countries

have sever shortage of land and capital. Are owned by a small, elite group. Have cash crops as opposed to subsistence farming. Is a new kind of poverty. Denied access to resources and material wealth available in the modern world system.

Guatemala

Conquered by Spain. Economy went from self-sufficiency to producing specifically for Spain. Spanish conquistadors were the "elites." Native Peoples were deprived of their land, forced to work on farms and mines, barely able to meet subsistence needs. Elites increased the production of cash crops, seized land, passed laws for minimal wage and the poor became reliant on the elites.

Multi-National Corporations

Global adaptive business strategies, hold corporate headquarters in one country and divisions in many others. Relocates resources to maximize profits on a global basis.

Genocide

Deliberate and systematic destruction of a political or cultural group

Ethnocide

deliberate and systematic destruction of a people's culture. Ethnocentric beliefs of inferiority (indigenous culture must be replaced with a superior culture.)

Ecocide

Deliberate and systematic destruction of the environment. Environmental degradation of tribal areas. Creates dependency on outside powers because eliminates traditional means of economic production, distribution, and consumption.

About this deck

By: Courtney Araujo
Textbook: Introducing Anthropology: An Integrated Approach
Created: 2010-12-15
Size: 88 flashcards
Views: 184

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy