Anti-inflammatory Agents

Biology 221 with Van_berkom at Bethel University & Seminary

About this deck

By: Joel Juers
Textbook:

Focus on Nursing Pharmacology (Point (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins))

Pathophysiology
Created: 2011-03-11
Size: 26 flashcards
Views: 266

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Salicylates

Oldest anti-inflammatory agents used
Extracted from willow bark, poplar trees, and other plants
Block prostaglandin production

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatories

Some of the most widely used drugs in the US
Provide strong anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects without the side effects of corticosteroids
Block prostaglandin production

Antihistamines

Block the release of histamine in the initiation of the inflammatory response

Analgesic

Pain reducing

Antipyretic

Fever reducing

Glucocorticoids: Side Effects

Increase blood glucose
Break down muscle
Stimulate fat production for storage

Glucocorticoids: Actions

Enter target cells and bind to cytoplasmic receptors
Initiate reactions responsible for anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects
Hydrocortisone, cortisone, and prednisone have some mineralocorticoid activity

Glucocorticoids: Indications

Short-term treatment of inflammatory disorders
Relieve discomfort
To allow the body to heal from the effects of inflammation
(However, glucocorticoids inhibit healing.)

Glucocorticoids: Pharmacokinetics

Well absorbed from many sites
Metabolized by natural systems, mostly within the liver
Excreted in the urine

Glucocorticoids: Contraindications & Cautions

Known allergy
Acute infection
Lactation
Cautions: diabetes, acute peptic ulcer

Glucocorticoids: Adverse Reactions

Related to route of administration
Systemic use is associated with endocrine dysfunction

Salicylates: Actions

Block prostaglandin synthesis (cyclooxygenase inhibitors)
Block synthesis of TXA₂

Inhibit platelet aggregation at low doses
Often called blood thinners, although they do not actually "thin" the blood

Salicylates: Pharmacokinetics

Route: PO (absorbed in the stomach)
Peak: 5-30 min.
T_1/2: 15 min -12 hours (relatively short)
Metabolized by the liver
Excreted in the Urine

Salicylates: Contraindications & Cautions

GI irritation
Inhibits clotting
Reye's Syndrome
Salicylism

Reye's Syndrome

A severe illness characterized by acute encephalopathy and fatty liver that can occur when children or adolescents are treated with aspirin

Salicylism

Tinnitus
Acidosis
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Confusion and lassitude

NSAIDs: Indications

Relief of the signs and symptoms of arthritis and osteoarthritis
Relief of mild to moderate pain
Treatment of primary dysmenorrhea
Fever reduction

NSAIDs: Contraindication & Cautions

Allergy to NSAID or salicylate
Cardiovascular dysfunction or hypertension
Peptic ulcer
Pregnancy/lactation
Caution with renal or hepatic dysfunction

Antihistamines: Actions

Selectively block the effects of histamine at the histamine-1 receptor sites, thus decreasing the inflammatory response
Anticholinergic and antipruritic effects. (The anticholinergic effect can be seen by the drying up of mucous secretions.)

Antihistamines: Indications

Seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, uncomplicated urticaria, and angioedema.

Antihistamines: Pharmacokinetics

PO, metabolized in the liver, excreted in urine and feces

Antihistamines: Contraindications & Cautions

Pregnancy & Lactation
Renal or hepatic impairment
History of Arrhythmias

Antihistamines: Adverse Effects

Drowsiness and sedation
Anticholinergic effects

Acetaminophen: Actions

Acts directly on the thermoregulatory cells of the hypothalamus
Analgesic MOA is uncertain

Acetaminophen: Pharmacokinetics

PO, metabolized in the liver, excreted in the urine
Peak: 1/2 - 2 hours
T_1/2: ~2 hours

Acetaminophen: Adverse Effects

Hepatotoxicity (exhausts glutathione which scavenges hepatic free radicals)
May cause hemolytic anemia, rash, and renal dysfunction