APE Exam Vocabulary Review

Renaissance

Period of cultural rebirth beginning on the Italian peninsula during the Quattrocento, characterized by a flourishing of art, literature, and architecture

Humanism

Literary movement that began in Italy during the quattrocento; broke from medieval traditions; focused on secular ideas; written in vernacular

Quattrocento

1400s' century that gave birth to the Renaissance

Medici Family

Powerful banking family of Florence who were early patrons on the Italian Renaissance

vernacular

Language spoken by the people of a specific region. Began to appear in writing writing during the Renaissance. The Florentine vernacular eventually became the modern Italian language

Petrarch

Known as the Father of Humanism, collected old manuscripts and poems from classical antiquity, also wrote sonnets in Italian

Giovanni Boccaccio

Author of The Decameron a collection of short stories set during an outbreak of the Bubonic Plague

Baldassare Castiglione

Wrote The Book of the Courtier which described the ideal characteristics of a "Renaissance Man", a well mannered aristocrat who was a master of many skills including swordsmanship and rhetoric

Johannes Gutenberg

Creator of the first European movable type printing press

Sir Thomas More

English author of Utopia first published in 1516; described an ideal land where all people had access to education and shared all property in common (these ideas later inspired Utopian Socialists); helped introduce humanism into England; was decapitated by Henry VIII in 1535 for refusing to break from the Catholic Church

Erasmus

Known as the "Prince of Humanists" he was a dominant figure in the Northern Renaissance; wrote The Praise of Folly, a satirical work that poked fun at the practices of the Catholic Church in an effort to bring about reform within the church; a Christian Humanist

William Shakespeare

Prolific poet and play write of the English Renaissance; his works helped define the English vernacular

Francois Rabelais

French Renaissance author of Gargantua and Pantagruel and used satire to poke fun at education, politics, and philosophy; helped shape the modern French vernacular

Niccolo Machiavelli

Florentine author of The Prince, a political discourse that focused on gaining and maintaining power rather than morality

Hundred Years' War

(1337-1453) A series of wars fought between England and France that resulted in the rise of the bourgeoisie and royal centralization of power

War of the Roses

Civil war in England following the Hundred Years' War that led to the establishment of the Tudor dynasty

Star Chamber

English court of justice established by King Henry VII

Reconquista

15th century Spanish effort led by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to drive the Muslim Moors out of Spain; ends in 1492 with the fall of Granada

Giotto

Florentine painter and architect from Florence in the early Renaissance, designed the bell tower on the Florence cathedral

Florentine artist and sculpter known for being the first Renaissance artist to craft a full sized brass sculpture of a person since the fall of Rome. One of his most fanous pieces is David.

Leading artist and engineer of the Italian Renaissance. Designed and oversaw the construction of the domed roof of the Florence cathedral

skilled artist and "Renaissance Man" of the Italian Renaissance.

Late Italian Renaissance sculptor and painter, heavily inspired by classical antiquity. Known for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and for creating marble sculptures such as David and La Pieta

Sculptor, artist, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance; his art shows a mystical religiousness not present in the work of the Italian Renaissance artists; His late paintings attept to free humanity from its earthly constraints

Considered one of the greatest painters of the Northern Renaissance, famous for his realism and dramatic use of light and shadow; paintings focused on religious matter and scenes of everyday life. Aristotle Contemplating Homer's Bust

German Renaissance artists known for his metal and wood engravings. Faous works include Praying Hands and The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Girolamo Savonarola

Italian Dominican friar known for book burnings, and for railing against the corruption of the Catholic Church; had an especially bad relationship with Pope Alexander VI; executed in 1498

simony

The sale of Church offices, a major cause of the Protestant Reformation

nepotism

Giving away Church offices to friends and family; many high clergy memebers ignored the rules on celibacy and promoted their children to high offices within the Catholic Church during the Renaissance; a major cause of the Protestant Reformation

sale of indulgences

The sale of pardons for sins; began during the crusades and continued through the Protestant Reformation; became a common practice of the Catholic Church as a way of raising revenue; protested by Martin Luther in the 95 theses

A Dominican friar authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences in Bavaria to raise funds to complete the construction of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome; "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul to heaven springs"

Babylonian Captivity

Period from 1309-1377 when the Catholic Church was under the control of the French monarchy and the papacy was based out of Avignon France rather than Rome; people lost respect for the Church paving the way for the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century

Great Schism

(1377-1417) Period of internal discourd in the Catholic Church in which there are multiple popes chosen by different factions, this further proves to erode the respect and authority of the Church in the years leading to the Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther

German monk outraged at the sale of indulgences; became consumed with religious issues and came to believe that many Church practices were unnecessary because they were not in the Bible. Believed: The Bible is the ultimate religious authority; the sale of indulgences is wrong; any sacrament not appearing in the Bible is not necessary; faith alone would lead to salvation

Ninety-Five Theses

Martin Luther's list of grievances against the Catholic Church published in 1517 which is considered the starting point of the Proestant Reformation; by posting this on the Church doors in Wittenburg, Luther was proclaiming the need for debate on the topics addressed within

Charles V

16th century Holy Roman Emperor, led the Diet of Worms and ordered Luther to recant his religious idea; when Luther refused, this person named him an outlaw

Diet of Worms

Meeting held in the German city of Worms along the Rhine in which Luther was asked to renounce his ideas, when Luther refused he was excommunicated for heresy and named an outlaw

Peasant Revolt

in 1524, German peasants who interpreted Luther's religious reforms as an invitation for social reform, rebelled against their noble landlords; Lutherattacked the peasants as extremists in "Against the Murdering Horde of the Peasants" and stated that princes would be justified in using violence to put down the rebellion

Anabaptists

Radical protestant group that believed in adult baptism and radical separation of church and state.

Ulrich Zwingli

(1484-1531)Swiss religious reformer who campaigned against Church abuses and believed in many of he same ideas as Luther including rejection of Saint worship, papal authority, and confession, but differed with Luther on Communion which he believed was only a symbol

theocracy

A government in which the state is run by religious officials, during the Protestant Reformation John Calvin set up this type of government in Geneva

John Calvin

(1509-1564) Swiss religious reformer who believed in many of the same religious principals as Luther but differed in the creation of predestination; published Institutes of the Christian Religion; established a theocracy in Geneva by imposing laws that controlled both the religious and secular lifes of the people who lived there

Predestination

Calvin's radical idea that man was sinful and corrupt and that at the beginning of time, God had determined who was going to be saved (the Elect) Those predestined for salvation could be noticed for their piety and morality, and economic success, poverty was seen as a sign of damnation

Presbyterianism

Form of Calvinism found in Scotland

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Henry VIII

(1509-1547) English king once known as a "defender of the faith" for speaking out against Proetstant reformers, but who split from the Church for political reasons; wrote the Act of Supremacy in 1534 which made him the head of the Anglican Church; did not change any Church practices or doctrines

Act of Supremacy

Law passed by the English Parliament in 1534 that made the king, rather than the pope, the head of England

Counter Reformation

Also known as the Catholic Reformation, term used to describe the actions taken by the Catholic Church to address criticism and reaffirm doctrine during the Protyestant Reformation; the centerpiece of this was the Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Index of prohibited books

List of books compiled durnig the Catholic Reformation that outlawed and called for the burning of any books that challenged the ideas, traditions, or teachings of the Catholic Church

Council of Trent

(1545-1563) Meeting of Catholic Church officials to address criticism abd reaffirm Church doctrine, resulted in an end to the sale of indulgences and the creation of new religious orders aimed at spreading the Catholic faith and preventing the spread of Protestantism

Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

Religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola during the Catholic Reformation to spread and defend Church doctrine

Ignatious Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits

League of Schmalkalden

a defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. Although originally started for religious motives soon after the start of the Protestant Reformation, its members eventually intended for the League to replace the Holy Roman Empire as their source of political allegiance. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League

Peace of Augsburg

Agreement in 1555 that allowed German princes to determine whether their nations would be Lutheran or Catholic. Cuius Regio, eius religio

Phiip II of Spain

16th century Catholic monarch during Spain's Golden Age, who ruled as an absolute monarch and fought costly wars to stop the spread of Protestantism in the Spanish Netherlands

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

1572 attack on French Huguenots orchestrated by Queen Catherine de Medici; she planned to kill Henry of Navarre, leader of the Huguenots when he went to Paris to marry her daughter. The plan was thwarted and Henry eventually became king of France

Edict of Nantes

Created by Henry IV (formerly Henry of Navarre "Paris is worth a mass") to ensure religious rights for Huguenots. Overturned by Louis XIV in

Thirty Years' War

(1618-1648) Biggest of the European wars of religion caused by the Protestant Reformation. Broken down into four stages go to http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/thirtyyearswar.html Ends with the Peace of Westphalia which allowed kings and princes to decide if their nations would be Calvinist, Lutheran, or Catholic, begins the decline of the Holy Roman Empire, leaves much of Germany in ruins

Peace of Westphalia

1648, ended the Thirty Years War, allowed prnces to choose whether their kingdoms would be Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist. Ended the Holy Roman emperor's hope of restoring both his own power and the Catholic faith throughout the empire. Isolated Spain. Increased French authority on the continent

Age of Discovery

1415-1650- Period of huge advances in geographical knowledge and technology. Led by Portugal and Spain will eventually lead to European dominance of the seas

Prince Henry the Navigator

Son of the Portuguese king who financed expeditions down the African coatline and established a school for navigation

Treaty of Tordesillas

1493 Agreement between Spain and Portugal that moved the line of demarcation that was establishedby the Papal Bull Intercaetera 15 degrees west to give Portugal access to the Esatern tip of Brazil

Line of Demarcation

Established in 1492 with the creation of the Papal Bull Intercaetera; divided the world into two halves, everything to the west of the line was Portuguese and everything to the east was Spanish

Columbian Exchange

Cultural and economic exchange occurring across the Atlantic, in addition to the Triangular trade, it included the spread of religion, language, science and technology, food and animals, disease, etc.

Louis XIII

Leader of France from 1610-1643, his regent Cardinal Richelieu worked to cebtralize authority leading to absolutism in later monarchs

Cardinal Richelieu

Regent to Louis XIII of France, worked to centralize royal authority, sided with protestants during the Thirty Years' War for geo-political reasons; reduced the power of local monarchs by creating the intendant system

Louis XIV

Ruled France from 1643-1715, divine right absolute monarch; in 1685 revoked the Edict of Nantes in revenge for the uprising in the Frondethat occurred during his youth; constructed the Palace of Versailles to better control nobles and impress foreign dignitaries; fought wars for about 2/3 of his reign

Intendant System

Established by Cardinal Richelieu during the reign of Louis XIII; this reduced the power of local landlords by creating local government appointed political laeders to oversee regions

Jacque-Benin Bossuet

Louis XIV's confessor and strong supporter of the idea of Divine Right

Divine Right

The idea that a king is the extension of God on earth. First written about by Bousset during the reign on Louis XIV

Fronde

Protestant region of France that rose up against monarchic rule at the very beginning of Louis XIV's reign. This rebellion was crushed, but louis never forgot or forgave, as an adult he repealed the Edict of Nantes

Jean-Baptist Colbert

Finanace minister to Louis XIV who followed a policy of mercantilism

War of the Spanish Succession

1701-1714. War fought over Louis XIV's attempt to taje control of Spain by placing a blood relative on the throne; ends with the Treaty of Utrecht

Treaty of Utrecht

Ends the War of the Spanish Succession; makes Louis XIV's heir (Philip V of Spain) king of Spain but cuts him out of the Bourbon line of succession

Elizabeth I of England

English monarch known for bringing the Renaissance to England, defeating the Spanish Monarch; reestablished the Church of England but supported relgious tolerance in England

The Act of Uniformity

Series of acts in England that established religous orthodoxy by creating official prayer books, associated with the rule of Elizabeth I

Thirty-Nine Articles

established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the English Reformation; especially in the relation of Calvinist doctrine and Roman Catholic practices to the nascent Anglican doctrine of the evolving English Church

Stuart Monarchs

Scotish monarchs who inherit the throne of England following the death of Elizabeth I. Have a contentious relationship with Parliament leading to the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution of 1688

Petition of Right

1628 document created by Parliament and sent to Charles I for breaking laws, most specifically reminding the king that he could not levy taxes without the consent of Parliament

Oliver Cromwell

Puritain leader of the Roundhead army during the English Civil War, after the execution of Charles I he ruled as Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth and led an invasion of Ireland to route royalist forces

Rump Parliament

The Rump Parliament is the name of the English Parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on 6 December 1648 of those members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try King Charles I for high treason.

"Rump" normally means the hind end of an animal; its use meaning "remnant" was first recorded in the above context. Since 1649, the term "rump parliament" has been used to refer to any parliament left over from the actual legitimate parliament.

Stuart Restoration

In 1660, following the death of Cromwell, Parliament invited King Charles II to return to England and rule as a limited monarch

English Bill of Rights

1688 document that lays down limits on the powers of sovereign and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement to regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. It reestablished the liberty of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law, and condemned James II of England

Glorious Revolution

Occurred in England in 1688 when William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights forever transitioning England into a Parliamentary monarchy

William and Mary

Monarchs who signed the English Bill of Rights transitioning England into a limited monarchy

Enlightenment

18th century intellectual movement that applied the methodologies of the Scientific Revolution to solving social issues; applied reason and logic to social and political issues; gave rise to the revolutions of the Atlantic World in the late 18th century

Enlightened Despot

King or queen who applies the ideas of the Enlightenment to his rule; includes Frederick the Grea, Joseph II, Maria Theresa, and Catherine the Great

scholasticism

Intellectual movement of the early modern era in which the Catholic Church attempted to reconcile new emerging scientific theories with the traditional teachings of the Church, associated with Thomas Aquinas

Scientific Revolution

Small elite intellectual movement of the 17th century in which scholars challenged the Aristotilian view of the universe and based new knowledge on observation and experimentation, leads to the creation of the Scientific Method and eventually the emergence of Enlightenment thought

inductive reasoning

new approach to science in which conclusions are based on observation and experimentation; emerges during the Scientific Revolution

empiricism

The idea that all knoweldge is gained through experience; emerges during the Scientific Revolution

Age of Reason

Another term for the period in which the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment occur in Europe

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher whose experiences during the English Civil War led him to believe that all people are basically corrupt and that without a central authority in place to maintain order, society will devolve into war; author of Leviathon

John Locke

English philosopher who is considered to be the father of Enlightenment thought; his many writings include Two Treaties on Government and discuss the ideas of natural rights, government's purpose being to protect natural rights, and the idea that a government that does not protect rights should be overthrown, a proponent of empirical thought tabula rosa

Rousseau

Swiss philosophe who wrote The Social Contract and argued that all government decisions should be based on majority rule, or the general will of the people; believed that man is born good but becomes corrupted by society (noble savage)

Voltaire

French philosophe who used satire to create a dialogue on issues in France; argued for religious tolerance, equality, an end to slavery, and freedom for all; denounced the Church as the "infamous thing" and argued that organized religion was a cause for many social problems

Montesquieu

Enlightenment philosophe who wrote The Spirit of the Laws after observing the English Parliamentary system; believed a government needed to be divided into three branches with egual power to prevent tyranny

Social Contract

The notion of the social contract is that individuals unite into a society by a process of mutual consent, agreeing to abide by certain rules and to accept duties to protect one another from violence, fraud, or negligence; implies that the people give up sovereignty to a government or other authority in order to receive or maintain social order through the rule of law.

Francois Quesnay

In 1758 he published the Tableau économique (Economic Table) which is a physiocratic examination of the economy; considered to be the first analytical work on economics written

Laissez-faire

Term used by Jeremy Benthem, expressed that the government whould stay out of business, "hands off"

Adam Smith

Published The Wealth of Nations in 1776, considered to be the first difinitive work on capitalism, he explained that "the invisible hand" of the market should regulate prices and businesses rather than the government

Frederick the Great of Prussia

Prussian Enlightened despot who participated in the Partition of Poland and modernized the Prussian bureaucracy and civil service and promoted religious tolerance throughout his realm

Russian absolure monarch known for selectively Westernizing his empire; "Window on the West"; built Russia's first modern navy; built a new capital on the Baltic in the style of Versailles

Catherine the Great of Russia

So-called enlightened despot of Russia who participated in the partition of Poland, conquered warm water ports on the Black Sea; entertained discussions about creating a parliament, but did not follow through; crushed rebellions; reacted to the French Revolution by censoring Enlightenment ideas

Maria Theresa of Austria

Enlightened despot of Austria (1717-1780), inherited the throne as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction; made financial and educational reforms, promoted commerce, developed agriculture, and reorganized the military

Joseph II of Austria

Enlightened despot of Austria (1765-1790) worked to unify his empire by centralizing authority and making German the official language, ended corporal and capital punishment, and freed the serfs

Estates General

Weak parliamentary body of France under the Ancien Regime; broken up into three estates based on social class; very limited power because it could only meet for when called by the king; did not meet for about 100 years from the reign of Louis XIV until Louis XVI called it in 1789

Tennis Court Oath

Agreement by members of the Third Estate and some sympathetic members of the other estates at the beginning of the French Revolution; vowed to continue meeting until a new government was created for France

National Assembly

Provisional government established during the French Revolution; important actions of this government included the Tennis Court Oat, the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and the Constitution of 1791

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Passed on July 12 by the National Assembly, this document allowed the government to sieze the Church's land and wealth and in effect turned all of the clergy into civil employees

Declaration of Pillnitz

Issued by Frederick III of Prussia, this document demanded the safety and reestablishment of the French monarchy under threat of war

Brunswick Manifesto

1792, The Duke of Brunswick threatened the people of Paris with the obliteration of their city if they did not disarm and obey Louis XVI; Louis published this proclomation leading many to believe he was a traitor to France

National Convention

revolutionary government comprised of constitutional and legislative assemblies which sat from 20 September 1792 to 26 October 1795

Georges Danton

played a crucial role in overthrowing the French monarchy, helped moderate more radical forces within the National Convention; he was guillotined during the terror for being to lenient on enemies of France

Maiximilien Robespierre

Enlightenment trained lawyer who was once an ardent opposer of the death penalty but later orchestrated the Reign of Terror to ensure the construction of a "Republic of virtue" He was later executed by Guillotine; carried out a mass de-Christianization movement; head of the Committee of Public Safety

Reign of Terror

July 1793-1794; the radical phase of the French Revolution; Committee of Public Saftey carries out mass executions to eliminate enemies of the revolution and carry out the creation of a "republic of virtue"

Committee of Public Safety

Created by the National Convention in April of 1792, this group were the de facto govenrment during the French Revolution and orchestrated the Reign of Terror

Republic of Virtue

Lasted from 1791-1793, period during the French Revolution under Robespierre associated with de-Christianization, civic virtue, and the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Thermidorian Reaction

Conservative movement that ended the extremism of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution

Directory

Five-man legislative body established in France following the Reign of Terror; incredibly corrupt and inefficient; overhtrown by Napoleon's coup d'etat in 1799

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who grew in popularity during the military campaigns of the French Revolution; overthrew the Directory in 1799; created the Consulate; held plebescites; conquered a huge empire; spread Enlightenment ideas and nationalism; Continental System

Consulate

Period between Napoleon's 1799 overhtrown of the Directory and his ascention to emperor in 1804

Concordat of 1801

Restored relationships between the Papacy and France, resotred Church lands and some priviledges that were stripped away by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Napoleonic Code

Laws created by Napoleon in 1804 that forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs go to the most qualified; it became a model for laws across Europe in the modern era

Bank of France

Centralized bank created in France by Napoleon Bonaparte

Continental System

Napoleon's attempt to destroy the British economy to make Britain easier to conquer, by disallowing trade between Britain and continental Europe; did not work due to Britains large overseas empire and inconsistancy in implementation across Europe

Congress of Vienna

Conservative meeting of European statesmen held in 1815 and chaired by Metternich of Austria; worked to reset Europe to its pre-French Revolutionary state, restored monarchs, redrew borders to weaken France, refused the unification of Prussia, and attempted to create a lasting piece with the Concert of Europe

Klemens von Metternich

Conservative Austrian statesman who dominated the Congress of Vienna and shaped international policy in Europe between 1815 and 1830

Balance of Power

Notion that peace can be maintained if no one power is strong enough to conquer another

Louis XVIII

monarch restored to the French throne by the Congress of Vienna; ruled as a constitutional monarch; died without an heir ending the Bourbon dynasty

Commercial Revolution

Period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 16th century until the early 18th century; new forms of businesses were created such as joint-stock companies; mercantilism and dominated economic thought during this time

mercantilism

economic policy, usually associated with mercantilism, in which a nation attempts to build national wealth by importing less than they export

inflation

when the value of money decreases and the price of goods increase

domestic system

method used to break the economic hold of guilds over various industries, work was put out to homes to be completed in return for pay; also known as proto-industrialization or the putting-out system

Joint-stock company

a type of corporation or partnership that emerges during the Commercial Revolution involving two or more individuals that own shares of stock in the company. Certificates of ownership ("shares") are issued by the company in return for each financial contribution; British-East India Company is an example

Agricultural Revolution

Changes to farming and types of foods available that led to the population explosion that ultimately created the surplus urban population of that became the proletariat during the Industrial Revolution

Enclosure movement

17-18th century movement carried out by British land owners to fence of their land and create commercial famrs, led to a demographic shift of poor unskilled laborers to the cities

Sadler Committee

Compiled a huge report on working conditions in industrialized parts of Europe in the erly 19th century; instrumental in leading to labor reform laws

Factory Act

Series of legislation in Britain designed to limit the number of hours worked by women and children first in the textile industry, then later in all industries

Luddites

Skilled artisans and followers of William Ludd who resorted to sabotage and vandalism in an unsuccessful effort to end industrialization

Industrial Revolution

Period in European history lasting from the mid 18th century in Britains and continuing into today in some parts of the world in which hand production of goods is replaced by mechanized production

artists and poets who rebelled against the formality of neoclassicism and the strict logic and reason of the Enlightenment. Tended to embrace and celebrate emotion and nature. Poetry: See William Wordsworth: http://www.everypoet.com/archive/poetry/William_Wordsworth/william_wordsworth_contents.htm

Thomas Malthus

19th century classical economist who wrote the Essay on Population in which he explained that population would always grow faster than the economy causing poverty

David Ricardo

Creator of the Iron Law of Wages which explains that poverty is necessary to prevent overpopulation and therefore low wages for proletariats are essential for the survival of society. "That the increase of population is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence, That population does invariably increase when the means of subsistence increase, and, That the superior power of population is repressed, and the actual population kept equal to the means of subsistence, by misery and vice."

Jeremy Benthem

Leader of the Utilitarian movement. He is also one of the first socialists and argued for social and economic legislation. Bentham's Principles of Legislation focuses on the principle of utility and how this view of morality ties into legislative practices.

John Stuart Mill

Social and economic reformer in 19th century Britain; co-founder of Utilitarianism; contributed to the scientific method by arguing the inductive reasoning could lead to conformation bias, and set forth falsification as a ket part of the scientific method; also believed that workers should elect their management as a way of creating equality in the workforce

Robert Owen

Welsh Utopian socialist; believed that socialism could eliminate poverty and that the wealthy had a duty to make this happen; sey up experimental communes such as New Harmony in Indiana http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen#Community_Experiment_in_America_.281825.29

Louis Blanc

French economist and philosopher who favored reforms, he called for the creation of cooperatives in order to guarantee employment for the urban poor. Instrumental in establishing national workshops in France, although this was not successful it was instrumental in France's embracing of socialism

Thomas Malthus

- wrote the essay on the principle of population

- argues that population would always grow faster than food supply

David Ricardo

Wrote the principals of political economy and taxation, supports capitalism

Jeremy Benthem

Founder of Utilitarianism

All mankind is under the dominance of two masters: Pain and Pleasure- Peoples lives are chiefly influenced by these two factors, and a persons day is catergorized by them.

Said that humans are pleasure seeking organisms.

Avoid what gives you pain.

John Stuart Mill

British liberal philosopher, economist, moral, and political theorist.

Utilitarianism

Robert Owen

Founder of Utopian Socialism, set up a commune in New Harmony, proved socialism could work on a small scale

Louis Blanc

active in french rev. of 1848. Believed in what he calledsocial workshops .a sort of combined co-operative society and trade-union, where the workmen in each trade were to unite their efforts for their common benefit.

Karl Marx

Wrote the Communist Manifesto, argued that history has always shown the struggle between the haves and have-nots. Argued that the proletariat in an industrial society would overthrow the bourgeoisie, redistribute the wealth and form a classless society. "Workers of the World, you have nothing to lose but your chains!"

Bourgeoisie

Middle Class Factory Owners

proletariat

poor landless workers, Marx predicts they will overthrow the bourgeoisie

The Metternich System

-Intended to restore stability- to prevent any repetition of revolution
-Monarchs returned to their thrones
-Nationalism suppressed.

Other European nations were to team up against revolution

In many ways successful: almost a century without a “world war”, and Prussia expands into Germany and Italy unites (at last). The map changes much less than the century before or after.

Carlsbad Decrees

Repressive laws, required German states to take liberal ideas out of their universities and newspapers
1819
Limited liberalism and enhanced conservatism

Eastern Question

The problems caused by the slow break-up of the Ottoman empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries which, several times, seemed likely to cause a general European war. It caused the Crimean war in 1854 and, in the opinion of some historians, WWI in 1914

Charles X (France)

became king after Louis XVIII
(conservative) in favor of absolute monarchy (autocrat)
tried to eliminate liberalism but the liberal party one by a landslide.
tried to take even more power people, mass riots broke out, then Charles abdicated the throne.

The July Revolution (1830)

aka "Three Glorious Days";

Louis-Philippe

July Monarchy

Louis Philippe

King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the July Monarchy. His father was a duke who supported the French Revolution but was nevertheless guillotined. Louis Philippe fled France as a young man and spent 21 years in exile, including considerable time in the United States. He was proclaimed king in 1830 after Charles X was forced to abdicate.

Napoleon III

Elected president of the French Second Republic
Made himself emperor of France
Lost the France-Prussian War of 1870
Motivated by “adventurism”

1870 Franco-Prussian War

Between France and Prussia -- Bismarck drives France into foolishly attacking him.

--Grabs Alsance--Lorraine as a result.

Declares German Unification afterwards.

Paris Commune of 1871

the uprising of workers against the new French government because they didn’t feel it was meeting their needs.

Third French Republic

When it seemed that France was going to lose the Franco-Prussian war, the liberals overthrew the government of the Second Empire and declared this government (p. 524 Palmer).

The Boulanger Affair

the 3rd republic was threatened by the arrival of General Boulanger, popular war minister **

boulanger attempted a coup d'etat w/ monarchist support---> failure ** Results: Boulanger fled the country 2) discredited the monarchists 3)strengthened the republic

Dreyfus affair

based on Alfred Dreyfus who was accused for spying for Germany during the Franco-Prussian War and was not allowed to see the evidence against him. The ***injustice was rooted in anti-semitism.*** Even though he was innocent, he was convicted and condemned to life imprisonment on Devil's Island. Even when they found the real spy the army refused to give him a new trial.

Zollverein

A free-trade union established among the major German states in 1834

Alexander I (Russia)

served as Emperor of Russia from 1801 to 1825
ruled Russia during the chaotic period of the Napoleonic Wars. Favored a return to christian ideals. believed in divine right of monarchy.

Nicholas I of Russia

-Alexander I's heir
-crushed Decembrist Revolt
-tried to bring back Russian Orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationalism

Russia under Alexander II

Came to power at the end of the Crimean war
Freed serfs
New judicial system
Reorganized judicial system
Assassinated

Crimean War

A conflict, lasting from 1853 to 1856, in which the Ottoman Empire, with the aid of Britain and France, halted Russian expansion in the region of the Black Sea. --> Eastern Question

House of the Lords

Part of Parliament that is considered the upper House and I consisted of Nobles and Clergy

House of Commons

Lower House
646 elected members
More powerful house
Fulfills 3 core parliamentary functions: passing laws, providing financing, and scrutinizing government and public administration

Corn Laws

-(1815-1846)

-protection of the agriculture of Britain

-limited the import of grain from countries on the continent like France

Peterloo Massacre

In 1819, manufacturers organized around 80,000 workers to protest the Corn Laws. When some of the peaceful protesters were shot, the event was dubbed the "Peterloo Massacre", likening the British government's shameful use of violence on a peaceful crowd to the recent defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo.

Anti Corn Laws

Gave manufacturers more outlets for their products

Sir Robert Peel

organized the first police force in London in 1829, leads to the slang term "Bobbies" for British police

Tories

POlitical party that tended to support the Anglican church and English gentry. Preferred strong monarchy, while the Whigs favored Parliament retaining final sovereignty. Sided with James II

whigs

Believed that the monarchy was a threat to the Magna Carte and the liberty won through the Glorious Revolution 1688 (the English Civil War). In the colonies the Whigs were those who favored independence from Britain

Rotten Bouroughs

Nobody really living there, but representatives & many people living somewhere, but no representatives

Great Reform Bill of 1832

British law that broadened the franchise and provided parliamentary seats for new urban areas that had not previously been represented by removing rotten bouroughs

Chartist Movement

suffrage for all men, annual parliamentary elections, secret ballot
1830s-1840s
failed

Benjamin Disraeli

-Late 1800s

-Leading conservative political figure in Britain

-Granted vote to middle working class males in 1867 in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party

William Gladstone

liberal politician and prime minister of GB who innovated in popular campaigning and criticized British imperialism. Served 4 nonconsecutive terms between 1868 and 1894. Disliked by both Disraeli and Queen Victoria.

Labour Party

British working-classpolitical party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and apeaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to therevolutionary emphasis of Marxism.

Young Italy Party

Nationalist movement founded by Mazzinin in 1831 to work towards unification. Eventually became a social-democratic political party

Nationalism

A feeling of pride, loyalty, and protectiveness toward your country. A force that can divide (like in the Russian and Autro-Hungarian empires) or unify (like Italy and Germany)

Realpolitik

occurred after the failed revolutions of 1848, consisted of policies associated with nation building that are said to be based on realities rather than the romantic notions of earlier nationalists. Associated with Otto von Bismarck

King Victor Emmanuel II

King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia. Eventually became first king of a united Italy. Led the north in Italian unification and united with Garibaldi's south in 1861. Drove the pope into the vatican city, and eventually made Rome the capital of Italy.

IL Risorgimento

- meaning The Resurgence) was the political and social movement that agglomerated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century. Despite a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and end of this period, many scholars agree that the process began in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna and the end of Napoleonic rule, and ended in 1870 with the Capture of Rome

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people; founder of Young Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Freed Sicily from the control of the ruling Bourbon family. Captured Naples. United his territories with those of Victor Emmanuel II in the north. ; leader of the Red Shirts

Red Shirts

name of Garibaldi's followers

gained control of sicily using guerilla warfare

cavour annexed territory in central italy

sardinians helped Garibaldi conquer naples

Camillo di Cavour

Prime minister of Sardinia who united modern Italy.

Otto von Bismarck

Prime minister of Prussia who orchestrates the unification of Germany; creates a two house legislature, and practices realpolitik; "Blood and Iron"

Iron chancellor

Bismarck due to his attempts to crush all opposition to the imperial state; "Blood and Iron"

Kulturkampf

"struggle for civilization" Bismarks attack on the Catholic church resulting from Pius IX's decleration of papal infallibilty in 1870's.

Dual Monarchy

Austria-Hungary; two separate kingdoms are ruled by the same monarch, follow the same foreign policy, exist in a customs union with each other and have a combined military but are otherwise self-governing. The term is typically used to refer to Austria–Hungary, a dual monarchy that existed from 1867 to 1918.

Old Imperialism

1500-1800 Establishment of Colonies, but power is limited.

New imperialism

aggressive European expansion into Asia and Africa following the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century

the belief held by some in the late 1800s that certain nations and races were superior to others ("survival of the fittest") and therefore destined to rule over them; it was a violation of natural law to help the poor.

***Led to European superiority over other ethnic groups. (Imperialism, Anti-semitism, etc.)

Berlin Conference

1885 meeting of European leaders to divide and create a plan for the conquest of Africa. Starts the 'Scramble for Africa'

British East India Company

The East India Company was an English joint-stock company^[1] formed for pursuing trade with the East Indies but which ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent.The East India Company traded mainly in cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt , saltpetre, tea and opium. The Europeans traded them opium to get the silk, tea, and porcolin.

Sepoy mutiny

1856-1858
Revolt of sepoys against british because of mistreatment and racism disregarding Indian culture and customs. Leads to the dissolution of the British East India Company and the establishment of the British Raj

Opium War

-British traders were bribing Chinese government to allow them to import opium

-Emporer didn't like the effects on the Chinese people

-British were eventually allowed to trade opium in China

Leads to the Treaty of Nanjing and the establishment of spheres of influence in China

Treaty of Nanking

1842 treaty that ended the Opium War; unequal treaty; gave Britain control over Hong Kong and several other ports as spheres of influence

realism

a 19th movement in art and literature; attempted to portray people realistically instead of idealizing them as romantic artists had done; check out Daumier and Flaubert

suffrage

the right to vote

Emmeline Pankhurst

Early 20th century leader of the radical "Women's Social and Political Union" who was willing to use violence to gain suffrage.

Italia Irridenta

regions with ethnic Italian populations living outsideof Italy. Italy was not a settled place after WW1, it had not gained all of theland that it had hoped for and the Italians referred to these regions in the north as “Italia Irridenta.” Italy unredeemed

Pan Slavism

Movement in the 19th Century to unite slavic peoples in the Balkans.

Central Powers

WWI alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria (1915)

Allied Powers

World War I alliance ofGreat Britain, France, Russia, and later the USA

Germany's "Blank Check"

Prior to WWI, Germany is willing to back up Austria no matter what the cost because they fear losing their only continental ally

Schleiffen plan

Fearing a two front war Germany tries to knock France (Russia's ally) out of it before they even get involved; fails

Balfour Declaration

letter from British Foreign secretary Arthur James Balfour to Baron Rothschild, leader of the British-Jewish community, for transmission to Zionist Federation of Great Britain/ Ireland. Declared the est. of Palestine as nat'l home for Jews (1917)

total war

mechanized war required the channeling of a nation's entire resources into the war effort; generally associated with WWI and WWII

Paris Peace Conference

Treaty of Versailles was signed; dominated by the "Big Four" Britain, France, USA, Italy

Fourteen Points

a series of proposals in which U.S. President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I; calls for peace w/o victory, general disarmament, and an international peace keeping organization

Versailles Treaty

Peace treaty between allies and Germany following WWI, one of the several treaties comprising the Peace of Paris in 1919; contained Article 231 "The War Guilt Cause" forcing Germany to take all of the blame; required Germany to repay huge reparations

Article 231

"War guilt clause"; Germany had to accept all fault for causing World War I; part of the Treaty of Versailles

David Lloyd George

what: British prime minister
where: Britain
when: 1919

Represented Britain at the Paris Peace Conference; hoped to bring reparation money home to Britain

Georges Clemenceau

French Prime Minister WWI (before and right at end); major voice in Treaty of Versailles and Paris Peace Conference; harsh line against Germany after war

Vitorio Orlando

Represented Italy at the Paris Peace Conference, hoped to return with the territorial gains that had been promised by Britain and France for joining the Allied Powers, and to be treated as equals by them. Did not gain control of Italia Irridente

Woodrow Wilson

President of the USA at the end of WWI, proposed the 14 Points, could not get Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles

Totalitarianism

Governmental form that relies on the extensive use of coercion & the constant monitoring by administrative structures to control members of a population; generally associated with rule by a single political party, like the Nazi party in Germany.

Vladamir Lenin

Communist revolutionary, leader of the Bolsheviks, overthrows the provisional government in October 1917, signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk surrendering to Germany in WWI, uses war communism during civil war, institutes the New Economic Program (blends capitalism with communism) to rivitalize the soviet economy

Soviets

Local councils of workers and soldiers who led revolutions in 1905 and 1917, later shaped the government of the USSR

zemstvos

local assemblies in Russia that provided a moderate degree of self- government. given limited power to provide public services.

Duma

Russian legislative body created following the revolution of 1905. Nicholas II dispands it shortly creating it.

Nicholas II

Last Romanov czar, creates the Duma following the revolution of 1905, toppled in the March Revolution of 1917

Stolypin reforms

reforms introduced by the Russian interior minister Piotyr Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905.

Pogroms

Organized anti-Jewish attacks that forced many Jews to leave Russia

Kulaks

prosperous Russian peasant farmers

Joseph Stalin

Leader of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union following Lenin's death. Economic policy = Five Year Plans; WWII Nazi-Soviet Pact; Cold War; Sought to create "socialism in one country".

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty signed by Lenin ceeding land to the Germans and surrendering in 1917 ending their involvement in WWI

war communism

the nationalization of banks and most industries, the forcible requisition of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Bolshevik control.

Russian Civil War

The people who were against the Russian government formed the white army and attacked the Red Army who were the soviets, the white army almost won but lacked organization and a political plan so ended up losing to the Red Army. Lenin's economic policy of War Communism left the Soviet economy on the verge of collapse --> the creation of the NEP

Cheka

Secret police used in the Soviet Union

New Economic Policy

Lenin's modified capitalist policy which gave economic freedom for peasants and businesses. Gave peasants their own land and allowed them to sell any crops beyond their quotas at a profit.

Five-Year Plans

Stalin's economic plans to improve the industrial and agricultural output of the Soviet Union through a radical plan of collectivization.

Collectivization

Establishment of government owned farms, generally associated with Stalin's Five-Year Plans where it resulted in a forced famine in Ukraine

Purge

Stalin's attempt to eliminate his political rivals, a Soviet reign of terror

Neville Chamberlain

British prime minister. Signed the Munich Agreement (gave Sudetenland over to Germany) "Peace in our time"

Commonwealth of Nations

a voluntary association of 53 countries that nominally recognizes the British monarch as its head, includes Canada, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand

the Irish Question

a phrase used mainly by members of the British ruling classes from the early 1800s until the 1920s. It was used to describe Irish nationalism and the calls for Irish independence.

Easter Uprising

Dublin, 1916

Easter 1916: Easter Uprising, took control of Dublin; after 5 days put down and executed - to en British rule in Ireland and establish republic, both sides deliberately shot civilians

Sinn Fein part of it

Irish Republican Army

an unofficial nationalist military force seeking independence for Ireland from Great Britain, considered a terrorist group by the British

Irish Free State

In 1921 and Irish Free State was established. it was autonomous but had ties to Britain; Northern Ireland was not included and remained part of the UK

Maginot Line

Defensive line built by the French to stop a potential German or Italian advance in the 1930s

Locarno Pact

-Oct 1925, Germany, France, and Great Britain signed the Locarno Pact in which Germany and France promised to respect their mutual borders, and Germany agreed to accept the permanent demilitarization of the Rhineland.

-As a result Germany joined the League of Nations.

Kellog-Briand Pact

(1928) agreement signed by representatives of 62 nations renounced war (very intentionally renouncing not "aggressive war" but all war), and prohibited the use of war as "an instrument of national policy."

Cubism

Artistic movement started by Pablo Picasso, example "Gurenica"

Dadaism

Absurdist art movement of the early 20th century

Surrealism

Artistic movement inspired by Freud's theories on dreams and the subconscious. Salvador Dali

Functionalism

The study of the purpose and function of behavior and conscious experience. 20th century

Great Depression

Worldwide economic collapse that officially begins with the stock market crash in the US in 1929 and quickly spreads through Europe due to the terrible post WWI economic policy

Popular Front in France

A group of Communists, Socialists, and Radicals against Fascism; became strongest party in France

Benito Mussolini

Fascist leader of Italy who came to power in the 1930s, supported fascists in the Spanish Civil War and ruled until he was killed by his own people following the Allied invasion of Italy

Adolf Hitler

Fascist leader of Germany who took complete control of the government with the Enabling Act of 1933; issued the Nuremburg Laws to limit the rights of German Jews; defied the Treaty of Versailles; followed a policy of expansion; supported fascist revolution in Spain; began WWI by invading Poland; Holocaust

Rome-Berlin axis

coalition formed in 1936 between Italy and Germany

Nazi-Soviet Non-Agression Pact

Agreement between Germany and the USSR to not fight each other and to peacefully divide Poland between themselves. Hitler hoped this would prevent the need for fighting a two front war. Violated when Hitler launched Operation Barbarosa.

Blitzkrieg

Lighting war, German tactic of warfare fighting on land and from the air

Fransisco Franco

Fasicts leader of Spain who comes to power following the Spanish Civil War; totalitarian leader; remains neutral during WWII

Anti-Comintern Pact

treaty between Germany and Japan promising a common front against communist Russia

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister who replaced Neville Chamberlain as leader of Britain following the Munich agreement; led Britain through WWII; delivered inspiring speeches during the Battle of Britain to maintain nationalism; coined the phrase "Iron Curtain" in 1946

Charles de Gaulle

French general fled to England to set-up govt in exile

The World War II battle where Germany pounded Britain by air. Did not defeat the British

Operation Barbarossa

Code name for the Nazi invasion of the USSR. It began on June 22 1941 when the 4.5 million Axis troops poured over the border. To date, it is the largest invasion in history. Germans won victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas
of the country, mainly in Ukraine.Despite that, the Germans were pushed back from Moscow and could never mount an offensive simultaneously along the entire strategic Soviet-German front again.

Lend lease act

act passed in 1941 that allowed President Roosevelt to sell or lend war supplies to any country whose defense he considered vital to the safety of the United States; helped the US support the Allies during WWII without violating their neutrality

Atlantic Charter

Secret meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill during WWII began the discussion of what the post WWII world would look like; upheld free trade among nations and the right of peole to choose their own government

Nuremberg Laws

Laws created in beginning in 1935 that stripped the Jewish population of German of their citizenship and other rights

Nuremberg Trials

serious of military tribunals held by Allies. most notable for trials of main leaders. Holocaust information had to be released to issue high charge against Nazi's. Important outcomes: Soldiers are responsible for their own actions during wars and cannot claim to be "following orders", commanders are responsible for the actions of soldiers carried out under them

genocide

the systematic, planned destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group. Example: Holocaust.

united nations

An organization of nations founded in 1945 to serve as a channel for negotiation and a means of settling international disputes peaceably. Group of UN that has super power – security counsil, they are UN policy, regardless of what everyone else wants. 5 member nations in the security counsil, US, Great Britain, Russia, China, France

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

a declaration adopted by the UN representing the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled

Cold War

Period of heightened tension between the USA and USSR between 1945 and 1991; while no direct fighting occurred between these nations they competed via the Arms Race and the Space Race; also took sides in fighting between surrogates as in the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Nicaraguan Civil War, etc.

Marshall Tito

1892-1980 communist chief of Yugoslavia who proclaimed independence of his country from Soviet influence
- But nation fell apart at his death with old hostilities and prejudices ending with war

Berlin Airlift

USA response to Stalin's 1948 Berlin Blockade, lew in food, medical supplies, etc to sistain West Berlin during this period

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

US military alliance formed against the Soviet Union with the goal of stopping aggression and containing Communis,

De-Stalinization

Following Stalin's death, tnd the rule of terror and the partial liberization of soviet society under Kruschev, removed portraits of stalin, renamed institutions, historians to rewrite textbooks, brought a new "thaw" to government, peaceful coexistence

APE Exam Vocabulary Review

AP European History with Skadl at Longwood High School

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