Arab Israeli Conflict Mid Term

Issued by Abdul Medjid in 1839; imperial edict calling for equal rights of all Ottoman subjects and reform to the justice system. Beginning of Tanzimat.  

The reordering of society, the rcreation of a new system intended to enable the Ottomans to strengthen themselves internally and resist further threats to their frotniers.  

British ambassador influenced Hatti Sharif. Believed forms were necessary if the Ottomans were to prevent Russians from taking Bosporus Strait. Hoped it would make Eastern European areas under Ottoman control embrace Ottoman citizenry, rather than separation.

1856 second Tanzimat Reform. Equality and freedom of worship for Ottoman dhimmis with Muslims. British drafted the document after Crimean War to impose penalties agains the Russians.  

(1858-1867); 3rd Tanzimat reform; regularize the structure of land ownership and the cultivation of land throughout the empire. Establishing clear title to lands to make owners liable for taxes and increase state revenue.

Prussian Jew 18^th C., leading figure in the Jewish Enlightenment.  Argues Euro Jews should embrace the enlightenment.

(Jewish Enlightenment); Modern Russian Jewish movement arose in the 1850s. Enlightenment Values, Secular Education, Assimilation and Integration. Millions of Jews embraced it and showed the path of assimilation, but it didn't work.

late 18^th C.; Over course of 2 ½ decades, Prussia (Germany), Russia, and Austria-Hungary take pieces of Poland. As a result, Russian Jewry expanded, creating a question in Russian eyes because they threatened commercial competition. Decided the future of Eastern Jewry in three phases.

Dictating all Jews live within Russian empire must live in certain area, Property restriction, trade limits, Reinforcing the intolerance of the past.

They erupted in 1881, and continued till 1884.  Peasant assaults on Jewish communites: rape, loot, murder. Impact lasts to this day. Proof that Russia would never grant legal emancipation. The beginning of mass emigration.

(1860-1904); 1^st head of WZO. Assimilated Viennese Jew. Committed himself to the cause after Alfred Dreyfus trial and wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of the Jews).

French-Jewish officer falsely accused of  sending French military secrets to the Germans in 1894; sentenced to Devil's Island. Maintained his innocence after his conviction; began speaking openly about the conviction; he was innocent; French military suppressed the case. Re-tried and ultimately acquitted. 

Large # of critics did not believe him; Generates a lot of controversy.

(The State of the Jews); 1896. Called for a creation of a Jewish state that would absorb European Jewry and end the anti-semitism that still prevailed even in Western Europe and proved that assimilation was impossible. Becomes a Jewish rallying cry.  

1882-1903-First Aliyah. Most important were second and third waves:

1904-1914 & 1918-1923. Of the first aliyah almost 2/3 left Palestine for somewhere else: undeveloped industry, austere environment, etc. However, still doubled the Jewish community. Arab labor desirable because it was cheaper. Second wave ends with WWI. Third wave starts after WWI. Better organized and more ideological in the 2^nd ad 3^rd waves

Writes The Iron Wall; Revisionist Zionism, It’s going to be tough no matter where they go, but they must not back away from it. Advocates view of becoming confrontational. His vision included all of Palestine.  One of first Zionists to call for a transfer from Arabs from the state of Israel. Better way to protect the community was to militarize.

Lobbied strongly for Balfour Declaration. Regarded Zionism to British interests and its potential to help the war effort.

Cairo (1898) – Christian owned journal published article warning against Jewish hopes to control trade in Palestine.

(1899)- a prominent Jerusalemite, wrote to chief rabbi of france telling him that though it is historically your country and Zionism can be understood in theory, in practice its implementation would require brute force; he begged him to leave Palestine in peace.  Herzl replied by assuring no harm would be done and that the movement would actually increase Arab wealth and well-being.

muslim reformer published Al-Manar, Cairo (1902) stating that Jews sought national sovereignty, not a haven from persecution.

Naguib Azoury

(1905) a maronite catholic, called for the separation of Arab provinces from Ottoman rule and predicted violent clashes b/w Arabs & Jews in Palestine for control of area, with neither side willing to compromise.

Issued by the British cabinet.Support for creation of Jewish national home in Palestine. Main reason was because the Suez Canal.  Having a friendly force becomes an ally to protect this strategic trading route.  Was essentially granted because of its long term promise of a stable bastion governed by a people friendly to British imperialism and a short term advantage believed to be the attraction of the world Jewry to the side of the Entente

Incorporates the Balfour Declaration and obligates Britain to encourage the growth of the Jewish national home in Palestine. Illustrates Brit's dual commitment to support national home for Jews and protect the rights of "other sections of the population."

States exactly the opposite. Went on to say that over the next five years there would be a cap on Jewish immigration.   In addition, British leaders in Palestine determined their was an absolute caps of the number of Jews that could be citizens in Palestine.  No more than 1/3 of total populations.  After this five year probationary period, no further Jewish immigration would be permitted unless the Palestinians were prepared to permit it.

1.  The escalation over the course of two years of what would turn out to be unmanageable violence between Jews and Palestinians. World War II was underway: British were under a lot of pressure.

British incompetence. socioeconomic change. British find themselves situated before two fully formed nationalisms in both the Jewish and Arab communities, but unprepared to reconcile.

Representative of a powerful Palestinian family headed the society al-Nadi al-Arabi. was a Palestinian Arab nationalist and Muslim leader in the British Mandate of Palestine. leader of Palestinian Arab movement. Became head of Supreme Muslim Council and leader to preserve western wall under muslim control

First high commissioner of Palestine, inaugurated civilian rule.

British adviser

Denied to block the Balfour Dec. "Not contemplate that Palestine as a whole should be converted into a Jewish national home., but that such a home shoul be founed in Palestine."

Maximalist position, expected as much as they could get.

It's about space, statelessness, and overcoming those challenges.

  Don't see any spiritual claim to property, religious identity, Jewish more a national identity than religion. fundamental departure from traditional Zionist policy^[1] with its demand "that Palestine be established as a Jewish Commonwealth

  Replaced a much different kind of Zionist politician altogether.

  Became Prime Minister.

      Challenged Weizmann’s position

    Zionists should not yield to even their former supporters.

  Created in 1936, as direct response to Great Revolt

  Advocated terrorism against Arabs during Great Revolt.

    Frustrated with British after 1939 White Paper

  1946 hotel is blown up, Landmark of colonial Jerusalem and British headquarters in Palestine. Irgun commander in chief announced responsibility for the attack. Initially British respond by an attempt to oppress.

Vote in favor of partition mainly due to U.S.'s backing. REcognized y international community for independent state. Both Zionists and Arabs knew there would be nobody around to enforce it.

United Natins special committee on palestine. called for the end of british mandate and creation of procedures leading to the independence of palestine. Committe was split on what type of state should emerge. majority called for partition into a jew and arab state and internationalization of jerusalem. minority wanted an independent federal state after 3 year under UN.

Refugees- 150,000 left in new state of Israel. There were 850,00 prior to that.

By December 1947, the Hagana assumed the position where it would be responsible for protecting the communities interests. REgualr army, centralized command.

·      April 1948. Irgun and the Stern Gang killed   people, women and children. Arab radio. ·Widely believed in Arab communities this would be the tactic going forward and would happen repeatedly. ·      B/W March April and ay over 350,00 leave