Bio Exam 3

Biology 100 with Lonsdale at Boise State University

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By: Kate Seaholm
Created: 2012-03-14
Size: 155 flashcards
Views: 48

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asexual reproduction

a single parent produces identical offspring without eggs and sperm being produced

types of asexual reproduction

budding (hydra), fission (planaria), regeneration (starfish)

advantages of asexual reproduction

amount of energy used decreased, more offspring produced, no need to find a mate, identical offspring

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

if environment changes, offspring can't adapt because they are always identical to parent

parthenogenesis

haploid eggs develop into adults without fertilization

hermaphroditism

one individual has both ovaries and testicles

advantages of sexual reproduction

increased genetic variability

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

decreased number of offspring, increased energy input, problems with parents, conception may be difficult, eggs vulnerable to predators, long gestation period, more complicated

macro-level fertilization

mate recognition, visual, sound, olfactory

micro-level fertilization

joining of sperm and egg

external fertilization

occurs in many water dwelling species, egg and sperm are directly deposited into water with little or no contact between mating adults

internal fertilization

deposit of sperm directly into female, protects eggs from excessive heat and drying, sperm concentrated and protected inside female

internal chemical signals (internal fertilization)

hormones and behavioral cues

mechanisms of development

oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous

oviparous

egg birth, nutrition for developing offspring in yolk

example: penguin

ovoviviparous

eggs hatch inside female and live birth immediately after

example: green anaconda snake

viviparous

live birth

examples: deer, shark

monotremes

oviparous, no nipples

examples: platypus, echidna

marsupials

viviparous, complete development in a pouch, once pregnant becomes pregnant for life

placentals

viviparous

primary sex characteristics

reproductive organs, ducts, glands, external organs

secondary sex characteristics

not directly involved in intercourse, significant in reproductive behavior

functions of male system

produce sperm through spermatogenesis, transferring sperm to female reproductive tract

sperm anatomy

head (contains chromosomes), mid-piece (mitochondria), tail

scrotum

temperature regulating, brings testes up or down depending on temp

seminiferous tubules

production of sperm

sertoli cells

nurse and protect sperm and developing spermatids, get rid of extra cytoplasm, make sure cells are mature

leydig cells

cells in between seminiferous tubules, testosterone is produced

epididymis

final maturation of sperm occurs

vas deferens

connect testes and epididymis, vasectomy

seminal vesicle

gland, produces sugars necessary for sperm

prostate gland

contributes some sugars, chemicals to counteract acid found in female vagina, basic

bulbourethral gland

lubricates urethra to make it more hospitable for sperm

semen

secretions from various glands and testes

pituitary gland

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) plays role in developing/maturing sperm, LH (luteinizing hormone) plays role in production of testosterone

testes

testosterone produced, primary and secondary sex characteristics, development of sperm

ovary

oogenesis, menopause, girls born with primary oocyte has entered meiosis I and stopped

oviducts

fallopian tubes

uterus

development of offspring

endometrium

lining of uterus, sloughs off during period

myometrium

smooth muscle in uterus

cervix

end of uterus

cause of menstruation

low levels of estrogen and progesterone

pituitary gland (female)

makes FSH and LH, FSH stimulates development of the egg on the ovary

ovary

estrogen production, causes endometrium to become thicker, follicle becomes larger and is fluid filled

Day 14

pituitary gland releases surge of LH, ovulation occurs, completes meiosis I, LH stimulates formation of corpus luteum on ovary

corpus luteum

release estrogen and progesterone

(blank) maintain lining of uterus

estrogen and progesterone

if no fertilization occurs...

decreasing levels cause endometrium to slough and process starts over

if fertilization occurs...

meiosis completed as soon as sperm fertilizes egg, begins cell division, embryo produces HCG, placenta takes over hormone production (month 3)

HCG

human chorionic gonadotropin, continues to produce estrogen and progesterone and maintains lining of uterus

circulatory system structure

heart, blood vessels

circulatory system function

transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones (FSH, LH, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone), and carbon dioxide/wastes

organisms with short distance for substances to diffuse

single celled organisms (amoeba), platyhelminthes (flatworms)

internal transport system

brings blood within diffusion distance of all cells

open circulatory system

A circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid. (arthropods and mollusks)

closed circulatory system

blood in system of vessels, segmented worms and more complex animals

advantages of closed circulatory system

fluid can be shunted, can have a higher blood pressure

fish heart

two-chamber heart pumps blood through one circuit

amphibian heart

heart pumps blood through two partially separate circuits, systemic and pulmonary. Single ventricle receives blood from both atria

reptile heart

septum partially divides ventricles which decreases mixing of blood

crocodile heart (different from reptiles)

septum totally divides ventricles, four chambered heart

birds/mammals heart

four chambered heart, blood flows through two entirely separate circuits, pulmonary and systemic

electrocardiogram

electrical recordings of heart contracting

S.A. node

sino atrial node, pacemaker of heart

P wave

excitation and contraction of atria, first pump

QRS wave

excitation and contraction of ventricles (big wave), atria relaxes during this wave

A.V. node

atrio ventricular node, slows down and sends to base of ventricles, causing ventricles to start contracting from bottom of heart and up

T wave

recovery of ventricles

blood flow through circulatory system

Heart>arteries>arterioles>capillaries>venules>veins>backto heart

arteries

take blood away from the heart; endothelial cells, thick smooth muscle layer to move blood

endothelial cells

reduce friction in arteries, capillaries, veins

arterioles

diameter adjusts to regulate blood flow

capillaries

diffusion occurs across walls, single layer of endothelial cells

veins

take blood back to the heart, smooth muscle not as thick because there is less pressure, connective tissue thicker, valves found in some veins to prevent blood from flowing backwards

function of valves in veins

prevent blood from flowing backwards

blood pressure

highest in arteries, lowest in veins; greatest pressure drop in arterioles

systolic pressure

ventricular contraction, top number

diastolic pressure

ventricular relaxation, bottom number

average blood pressure

120/80

plasma

liquid portion of blood, contains dissolved salts, oxygen, carbon dioxide, amino acids, sugars, lipids; represents 45% of blood volume

red blood cells

no nucleus, packed with hemoglobin, carries oxygen around, pulled out of circulation after 120 days

white blood cells

5 different kinds, produce antibodies

platelets

play role in blood clotting

functions of blood

transports oxygen/nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells; immunity; blood clotting

lymphatic system

series of one-way vessels in body that return fluid to circulatory system, play role in immunity (tonsils, lymph nodes)

hydroskeleton

sea anemone, worms

exoskeleton

skeleton on outside, difficult to grow; spiders, ticks, mites, insects

endoskeleton

internal skeleton; giraffe, humans

functions of skeletal system

support, protection, attachment for muscles, production of blood

dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT)

insecticide used to kill lice, ticks, and mosquitos carrying disease in WWII; decreased population of predator birds; resulted in creation of predator birds; banned from use in 1972

evolution

a change in a species over time

Jean Baptist Lamark

studied invertebrates, made complicated classification system that was not well supported

Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin

came up with natural selection independently of each other; within a population there is variation

evidence of evolution

fossil record, comparative anatomy

fossil record

trilobite (arthropod), archaeopteryx (combination of reptile and bird)

homologous structure

similar in structure, different in function

vestigial organs

structures with no function such as the appendix

embryology

reptiles, birds, humans all have a tail and pharyngeal pouches as an embryo; pouches turn into different organs further in development

molecular evidence of evolution found in...

DNA and protein: number of amino acid differences between hemoglobin polypeptide of two different organisms

analogous structures

alike in function, different in structure (bat and butterfly)

divergent evolution

common ancestor that diverged out based on effects of environment

adaptive radiation

occurs when a species is going to a new area never before occupied by that species or occurs after mass extinction

convergent evolution

two organisms not related but have adapted to the environment in similar ways

example: tuna and shark

phyletic gradualism

phylum gradually changes over time

punctuated equilibrium

little change and then rapid change

agents of evolution

different allelic combinations, gene mutation, gene flow, genetic drift

gene mutation

DNA base pair substitution, DNA base pair insertion

gene flow

immigration (into a population) and emigration (leaving a population)

genetic drift

random change in a population, bottleneck effect, founder effect

bottleneck effect

large species population, population is depleted, new population grows

founder effect

genes move to set up new population (child with 6 fingers)

Natural selection based on observations

1. individuals within a population vary

2. the variation is passed on to offspring

3. populations of organisms produce more offspring than will survive

4. individuals with traits better suited to environment survive and pass on traits to offspring

5. survival and reproduction are not random

survival and reproduction based on..

fitness, structural adaptations, behavioral adaptations, physiological adaptations

three types of natural selection

directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection

directional selection

shifting from a smaller body size to a larger body size (horse)

stabilizing selection

genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value

disruptive selection

selects against the average individual in a population, shows phenotypes of both extremes, rare

mass extinction

dinosaurs

gradual extinction

one or two species per year (martha the last passenger pigeon died sept. 1, 1914)

Carolus Linnaeus

binomial nomenclature; two kingdoms (plant and animal)

Robert Whittaker

five kingdoms: animal, plant, fungi, protista, monera (bacteria)

Carl Woese

six kingdoms; three domains

virus structure

nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat; DNA or RNA; RNA virus has reverse transcriptase

reverse transcriptase

produces DNA molecule from RNA precursor

helical virus

rod or thread-like appearance; infects plants

Complex virus (bacteriophage)

infects bacteria, punctures bacteria and inserts DNA; restriction enzymes in bacteria prevent virus from infecting

influenza virus

coils of RNA, reverse transcriptase

flu epidemic--A(H1N1)

H: hemagglutinin: gain access to interior of cell

N: neuraminidase: helps viruses break free once replication is completed

prions

mutated normal body protein (changes shape)

transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

disease of the brain(holes in the brain)

Kuru

brain disease (shaking disease) passed from human to human via cannibalism

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

progressive neurological disorder; tend to have it later on in life

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

mad cow disease; young people in Great Britain

scrapie

brain disease in sheep; triggers them to scrape bodies against a tree or fence and scrape their fur off because they think they itch, possibly transmitted by feces or saliva

chronic wasting disease

brain disease in deer, moose, elk; loss of weight, no treatment, possible relation to Alzheimer's

bacteria characteristics

single-celled, lack membrane-bound organelles, have ribosomes, have cell wall (peptidoglycan), and nucleoid region (circular DNA)

bacillus

rod shaped bacteria

example: mycobacterium tuberculosis

coccus

sphere shaped bacteria

spirillus

squiggly bacteria shape

endospores of clostridium botulinum

red circles shown on the slide; allows bacteria to survive in areas it wouldn't normally survive

heterotrophs

produce enzymes and digest environment around them

autotrophs

self-feeders; contain chlorophyll (not chloroplast)

parasites

eat or feed off of another organisms

cyanobacteria

autotroph that produces oxygen

pathogenic bacteria

about 1% of the bacteria on earth

nitrogen fixing bacteria

beneficial; pull nitrogen out of the air and make it into fertilizer

archaea

differ from bacteria:

-unique cell wall (lack peptidoglycan)

-different ribosomal RNA

-different lipids in plasma membrane

-habitats

halophiles

salt lovers

menthanogens

live in anaerobic environments, make methanes

thermophiles

live in hot environments; yellowstone park

dinoflagellates

plant-like protista; base of food web, have two flagella, contribute to red tide in the ocean

fungus-like protista

diseases such as Phytophythora infestans (water mold); relates to Ireland famine

animal-like protista

giardia

About this deck

By: Kate Seaholm
Created: 2012-03-14
Size: 155 flashcards
Views: 48

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis