Bio test 2
Biology 121 with Howard at Augustana College (SD)
About this deck
By: Jessica Simpkins
Created: 2012-03-13
Size: 22 flashcards
Views: 10
Created: 2012-03-13
Size: 22 flashcards
Views: 10
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fermentation
a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen
aerobic respiration
oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic fuel
cellular respiration
The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP.
Oxidation reaction
The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
Reduction reaction
The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.
reducing agent
the electron donor
oxidizing agent
The electron acceptor
glycolysis
+glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules (3 C each)
+net gain of 2 ATP molecules via substrate level phosphorylation, and 2 NADH molecules
+occurs in cytosol
+net gain of 2 ATP molecules via substrate level phosphorylation, and 2 NADH molecules
+occurs in cytosol
Citric Acid Cycle
+a chemical cycle involving eight steps that complete the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide
+occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotes c the cytosol in prokaryotes
+second major stage in cellular respiration
+occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotes c the cytosol in prokaryotes
+second major stage in cellular respiration
What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?
The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.
Substrate-level phosphorylation
The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
Photosynthesis
The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.
Photorespiration
A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output. generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the CO2/O2 ratio in the leaf increases, favoring the binding of O2 rather than CO2 by rubisco.
Photosystem
A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. Two types: PS I and PS II; II absorbs light at P680 and I absorbs light at P700
reaction-center complex
A complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis. Excited by light energy, the pair of chlorophylls donates an electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.
primary electron acceptor
In the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction-center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them.
G3P
A 3-C carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis.
Calvin cycle
The 2nd of 2 major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed C into carbohydrate.
CAM plant
A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions. In this process, CO2 entering open stomata at night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.
Ex. pineapple, jade plant, prickly pear cactus, succulents
Ex. pineapple, jade plant, prickly pear cactus, succulents
c3 plant
A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.
Ex. beans, potatoes, wheat
Ex. beans, potatoes, wheat
C4 plant
A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a 4-C compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.
The Calvin cycle occurs within the bundle-sheath cell.
Ex. corn, native grasses
The Calvin cycle occurs within the bundle-sheath cell.
Ex. corn, native grasses
bundle-sheath cell
In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf. Contain suberin that reinforces the wall and prevents CO2 loss.
About this deck
By: Jessica Simpkins
Created: 2012-03-13
Size: 22 flashcards
Views: 10
Created: 2012-03-13
Size: 22 flashcards
Views: 10
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy