BIO114
Biology 114 with Wyngaard at James Madison University
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Domain Archae
Shape like bacteria
some have odd shapes
some extremophiles
peptiodoglycan usually absent
cell memebrane differs from bacteria
some have odd shapes
some extremophiles
peptiodoglycan usually absent
cell memebrane differs from bacteria
Archae cell membrane is composed of
phosphate head and lipid tails
What are methanogens?
they live in anaerobic conditions, and produce methane as a waste product
What are psychrophiles?
they live in very cold environments
What happens in glycolsis?
breakdown of sugars, 6 carbon sugars split into two 3 carbon sugars, which are then oxidzed to form 2 molecules of pyruvate
Krebs cycle steps?
pyruvate molecules decomposed to co2 gas, completes oxidation of organic molecules, transfering e- esulting in NADH and FADH2( donates e- to electron transport chain
Where does glycolsis, krebs cycles, and electron transport occur in prokaryote and eukaryote?
cytosol and plasma membrane in pro,
mitochondria in eukaryotes.
mitochondria in eukaryotes.
An alternate path to cellular respiration in some prokaryotes is?
fermentation: partial breakdown of sugars without the aid of oxygen, low amounts of ATP produced proton motive force absent.
Carbon chain form what basic structure for cell?
cell wall, cell membrane, food, and is a main component of fossil fuels.
Who are the ancestors of eukaryotes and are as evolved, maybe even more evolved?
prokaryotes
Cell membrane is the? Cell wall is the?
cell membrane separates inside from outside,
cell wall is the1st barrier inside organism from outside
cell wall is the1st barrier inside organism from outside
What is the source of individual variation in pro?
mutation
What is the terminal e- acceptor of aerobic respiration?
O2
Chemical sources of energy of organic molecules is?
glucose
What is the key junction in breaking down complex molecule to simpler ones?
pyruvate
What is alcohol fermentation?
3 carbon pyruvate are converted to acetaldehyde
Similarities and Differences of cell respiration and fermentation
CELL RESPIRATION: yields about 38 ATP, often requires oxygen, provides energy for cell functions, and glycolosis, krebs cycle and electron transport happen
FERMENTATION: only yields 2 ATP, oxygen is not needed, provide energy.Glycolosis only.
FERMENTATION: only yields 2 ATP, oxygen is not needed, provide energy.Glycolosis only.
What are the problems that must be solved during nutrient uptake and digestion?
how to collect raw materials and energy required for growth, process complex substrates into simpler form that can be utilized
What are Heterotrophs?
steal from others, they must extract chemical energy and needed organic molecules from either autotrophs or other heterotroph.
Macronutrients of Autotrophs?
water, inorganic carbon source( Co2 CH4), nitrogen, > Na K P S Mg
Micronutrients of Autotrophs/ Heterotrophs?
other trace elements( Fe Cu B Mo Ni Si Mn ....
Unicellular and filamentous morphologies of cyanobacteria, a member of the photoautotrophic prokaryotes?
Cell walls are similar to gram - bacteria
contains chlorophyll
contains heterocysts
contains chlorophyll
contains heterocysts
Hetercysts are?
where nitrogen fixation occurs for cyanobacteria
STUDY
CYCLES AND NEWS STORIES!
Some nutrients come from?
soil characterized by weather rocks, living and nonliving enitites, natural causes, human activities
Autotrophs synthesize and metabolize?
glucose
What is the terminal e- acceptor of Anaerobic respiration?
NO3, SO4, Fe3 Co3
The chemical sources of energy for inorganic molecules?
H2S H2 Fe2
What pathways do facultative anaerobes use?
anaerobic fermentation aerobic respiration
What is lactic fermentation
Pyruvate is reduced to lactate
Archae is most distantly related to?
Bacteria
What does ATP do?
transport materials
pump ions to membrane or proteins
move flagella
maintain or change shape, grow and reproduce
pump ions to membrane or proteins
move flagella
maintain or change shape, grow and reproduce
_______ takes up nutrients to obtain carbon to build organic molecules of their cells
Prokaryotes
What are autotrophs?
make from scratch
converts inorganic elements into organic molecules( fixations) and cptures chemical energy from non living sources
converts inorganic elements into organic molecules( fixations) and cptures chemical energy from non living sources
Macronutrients for Heterotroph
water, fixed carbon, fixed nitrogen, free minerals( Na K P Ca)
Micronutrients for Heterotrophs?
organice vitamines, and co-factors such as b-series, biotin, folic acid
What is Fixation?
non biologically available elements and transforms it to forms for use in biological processed
One of the most independent organisms on earth is?
Cyanobacteria
Who are the autotrophs?
unicellular, and multicellular organisms
nitrogen fixing bacteria
some use methane, high energy sulfur compounds generated by geological processes.
nitrogen fixing bacteria
some use methane, high energy sulfur compounds generated by geological processes.
heterotrophs just metabolize what?
glucose
What are chemoheterotrophs
organic compound is both the carbon source, and energy source, but specific carbon source varies majority in pro
Domain Bacteria
All major metabolism and nutritional modes
All gram positives here and some negative
Peptidoglycan present
All gram positives here and some negative
Peptidoglycan present
Phospholipid molecules in membranes of Archae and Bacteria
Archaea: L-gycerol, ether linkage, isoprene chains( branched)
Bacteria: D-glycerol, ester linkage, fatty acid chains(unbranched)
Bacteria: D-glycerol, ester linkage, fatty acid chains(unbranched)
What are thermophiles?
live in hot acidic environments
Halophiles?
live in highly saline environments
What are the effects of anitbiotics on pathogenic prokaryotes
inhibit cell wall synthesis/ protein synthesis/general metabolic pathways
Disrupt cyoplasmic membrane
Disrupt cyoplasmic membrane
Eukaryote have ?
membrane bound nucleus
Hydrothermal vents are where what lives
prokaryotes
Carbon
most versatile building block of molecules
carbon bonds with other essential elements result in what?
carbs, fats(lipids),proteins, water
C6H12O6
glucose
Basic macromolecule of life?
Hydrocarbon, sugars, water, amino acids, CHNP, PRNA, DNA
Carbons can be link in a
ring/linear molecule
What is glucose in a form of
ring form or chain
Amino acids consits of what?
amine groups, carboxyl groups, r groups
What does a nucleotide consist of?
phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous
What bond can bond water molecules to others?
hydrogen bonds
Ice water, molecular level
forms a crystal lattice,
What are the common shapes of prokaryotic cells
Bacillis, cocci, helical
What is the surface area volume relationship
volume increases faster than surface area
What are the 3 main functions of a cell membrane?
permeable barrier, protein anchor, energy conservation
Prokaryotic cell has no what?
membrane bound organelles
What are the essential elements of living organisms.
CHNOPS
What are the bricks and mortar of molecular skeletons?
C and covalent bonds
What is the major sources of energy for many organisms?
glucose
Amino Acids combine to form what?
proteins or polypeptide chains
Nucletides combine to form what?
RNA and DNA
WHat are the properties of water
high specific heat, cohesion and adhesion, heats and cold slowly, substance dissolve in water easily ocean and lakes dont freeze
Why does water have high surface tension?
the collective strength of hydrogen bonds
Liquid water in molecular level
hydrogen bonds constantly break and reform, denser than ice
What do all prokaryotes have?
single circular chromosome composed of double stranded DNA haploid
Is energy needed to move things across a cell?
no passive transport
What kind of barrier of the cell membrane and its functions?
permeable barrier, barrier between inside and outside, lets things in and out
What are the major molecular components of cell membranes?
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails
What is a protein anchor?
site of many proteins involved in transport, bio energetics and chemotaxis, escorts nutrients across the memebrane
Gram Positive
a lot of peptiodolgycan dues to their properties of their cell wall, thick cell wall
What is the prokaryotic flagella?
protein motor
Taxis
movement away and towards
Phototaxis
moves away and towards light
What are the two kinds of flagellar movement in prokaryotes?
running rotates counterclockwise
tumbling rotates clockwise
tumbling rotates clockwise
What are the three mechanisms in creating genetic variation in bacteria?
transformation, transduction and conjugation
Transduction?
virus transfer of genes between prok
Phage
virus that infects bacteria
Conjugation?
one way tranfer of DNA between 2 temporarily joined bacteria cells, transfer of plasmid
Cell respiration
process of harvesting energy and is very similar in all domains, process in which a compound is oxidized with o2 or an o2 substitute.
oxidative phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation
What are the cellular respiration integrated chemical pathways?
glycolosis, krebs cycle, electron transport system
Krebs Cycle?
completes energy yielding oxidation of organic molecules in the cytoplasm 2 ATP is released
What is an efficient mechanism of energy conversion?
cellular respiration
What are the 2 structures formed by self assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments?
micelle
most are phospholipid bilayer
most are phospholipid bilayer
What us aquaporin?
a protein sits in cell membrane and lets water molecules go very rapidly
Grame negative?
lacks peptidolycan
thin cell wall,
light pinkish color
thin cell wall,
light pinkish color
What component is direction of flagella
hook
Photoheterotrophs
light is the energy source
organic compound is the carbon source
organic compound is the carbon source
Chemoheterotrophs
live in places high in H2S, CO2 H2 and CO2
What enables chemotaxis/phototaxis
flagella
What do eukaryotic cells have?
multiple chromosomes double stranded linear diploid
Transformation?
uptake of naked DNA from environment
Capsid
protein coat of virus
What is binary fission?
cell division, following growth of cell
Dr Craig Venter, what are her goals and what does she do?
determine minimal genome needed for life at an organismal level and designing combinations of genes to produce useful compounds,
make a step forward for Synthetic Biology
make a step forward for Synthetic Biology
Energy currency of all cells
ATP
Electron Transport System
collection of molecules that alternates between reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons, creates the most ATP
what does a cells physical and chemical envor affect
enzyme activity
How does living things a make a living? are living thinks highly ordered?
by aquiring and transforming energy, yes
Redox Reaction
primary chemical reactions in respiration,
means( Oxidative reduction reaction)
characterized by tranfser of e- from 1 reactant to another
means( Oxidative reduction reaction)
characterized by tranfser of e- from 1 reactant to another
What do organic molecules have an abundance of? becomes source of what?
hydrogen ions become source of energy
TRUE/FALSE ATp has high energy potential
TRUE
KNOW STEPS OF GLYCOLOSIS/KREBS/ELETRON TRANSPORT
null
ATP synthatse situated where in pro, eu, plants
Pro :plasma membrance
Eu: mitochandria
plants: chloroplast
Eu: mitochandria
plants: chloroplast
Similarities in cellular respiration in pro
ATP
Proton motive force
Proton motive force
prokaryotes have been around for how many years
3 billion years
What are necessary for life at organismal level
elements and macromolecules
What is the inside charge and outside of cell membrance
inside OH-
oustide H+
oustide H+
Mutation rate
1 in a million
prokaryotes may have little cell structure but?
they have highly structure and integrated chemical pathways
oxidation
removal of e-
reduction
addition of e-
Where does glycolosis happen and krebs?
cytoplams
Where does the electron transport chain happen
cell membrane
plasmids
smaller rings of sepeartely replicating DNA
What helps prokaryotes survive in extreme adaptions
endorspores :resistant cells and capsule:sticky layers of polysacharrides and protein
About this deck
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