biochemistry

StudyBlue printing of biochemistry html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } biochemistry 1. DEFINE atomic number. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table. 2. DEFINE mass number (atomic weight). The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. 3. NAME the four most important elements to living things. Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen. 4. DEFINE organic compounds. any compound of carbon and another element or a radical. 5. NAME the six functional groups. Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate 6. STATE properties associated with each functional group. Hydroxyl; consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom. Carbonyl; carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom. Carboxyl; consists of a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and bonded to hydroxyl group. Amino; composed of nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms. Phosphate; consist of a phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms. 7. IDENTIFY functional groups using structural formulas. 8. EXPLAIN dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Dehydration synthesis; It is a type of condensation reaction in which monomers join together into polymers while losing water molecules. This process is carried out by losing (-OH) from one of the monomers and (H) from another monomer. The two unstable monomers join together, and the (-OH) and (H) combine forming water (H2O). Hydrolysis; The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. 9. IDENTIFY dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis from an illustration. 10. COMPARE polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. In a polar covalent bond, the electrons shared by the atoms spend a greater amount of time, on the average, closer to the Oxygen nucleus than the Hydrogen nucleus. In a non-polar covalent bond, the electrons shared by the adjacent atoms in the bonds are shared equally 11. COMPARE ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic bond- bond formed through transfer of electrons between a metal and nonmetal. Covalent bond- bond formed through sharing of electrons between 2 nonmetals. Both are a bond formed by the transfer or sharing of electrons between 2 atoms. 12. DESCRIBE the pH scale. pH scale; ranges from 1 (acidic) to 14 (basic) . the measurement of H+ ion concentration. 13. DESCRIBE acids and bases. Acids have a higher concentration of the hydronium ion than the hydroxide ion. Bases have a higher concentration of the hydroxide ion than the hydronium ion. 14. DESCRIBE the function of nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Nucleic acids; main function of nucleic acids is to store and transmit genetic material and use the information to direct the synthesis of new protein. Proteins; catalyzing chemical reactions. transport and storage. Motion, support, protection, and communication. Carbohydrates; energy storage molecules. Lipids; dissolve other nutrients, store energy, control chemical reactions. 15. STATE the bond that connects the monomers of each macromolecule. Carbs; glycosisdic linkages. Lipids; esther linkages. Proteins;peptide. Nucleic acids; nucleotide 16. IDENTIFY an R group from an amino acid (structural formula). 17. DISCRIBE phospholipids. Phospholipids are lipids that in their simplest form is composed of glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. 18. COMPARE saturated and unsaturated fats. Saturated; solid at room temperature. All single bonds. Each carbon joined to the max number of hydrogen. Unsaturated; liquid at roo temperature. One or more double donds. Adds a kink to the chain. 19. LIST the three monosaccharides. glucose, fructose, galactose 20. DESCRIBE the four polysaccharides discussed in class. Starch; A polysaccharide carbohydrate (C6H10O5)n consisting of a large number of glucose monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds found especially in seeds, bulbs, and tubers. Glycogen; A branched polymer of glucose that is mainly produced in liver and muscle cells, and functions as secondary long-term energy storage in animal cells. Cellulose; The cellulose is a straight chain polymer of carbohydrates. Unlike starch, it lacks coiling and it forms a rather rigid, rod-like conformation. Chitin; A polymer of nitrogen-containing polysaccharide [(C8H13O5N)n] rendering a tough, protective covering or structural support in certain organisms. 21. LIST and EXPLAIN the important properties of water. Great Insulator/ Stores Heat Frozen Water is less dense than liquid water. This prevents organisms from freezing. High Surface Tension: This allows insects to scoot across the water. Cohesive & Adhesive: Allows water to be a transport medium. 22. COMPARE cohesion and adhesion. adhesion is force of attraction between particles of different nature while cohesion is force of attraction between particles of similar nature 23. DISCRIBE hydrogen bonds. A chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom, especially a nitrogen, oxygen, or flourine atom, usually of another molecule. 24. EXPLAIN buffers and their importance. An ionic compound that when added to a solution neutralizes both acids and bases without significantly changing the original acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Keeps pH constant. cohesion is important to trees because they transport water and nutrients up. Heat is the total energy, and temperature is the intensity of heat. Hydrogen bonds are the feature of water tht is responsible for its solid phase [ice] being less dense than its liquid phase [water] Solution is a liquid consisting a solvent and a solute, a solvent is the dissolving agent and solute is the substance being dissolved. Acids donate H+ ions to a solution whereas bases accept H+ ions from a solution. 4 elements that make ^ mst of a living organism is nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon. 2 subatomic particles found in the nucleus are protrons n neutrons. One use of a radioactive isotopes is tht they’re used as tracers as monitor for the fate of living organisms. Ionic bonds transfer e- and covalent bones share e-. * some elements give sum receive. Polar covalent bonds holds the individual atoms [H&O] in water molec to ea. . Other. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for adhesion, dan molec. Being held together , important in protein struct. Carbon is the element tht is in every organic molec. The functional group tht contains nitrogen is the amino group. The relationship between monomers n polymers is tht polymers r many monomers joined in a chain. The monomers of proteins are amino acids, carbohydrates - monosaccharides , nucleic acid - nucleotide. Okants store carbohydrates as starch whereas animals store carbohydrates as glycogen. 3 kinds of lips are fats, phospholipids, n steroids. The leverl of protein struct. Tht refers to the overall 3-d struct of a protein is tertiary. The shape of a DNA molec is the double helix. The process in which a polypeptide chain unravels n causes a protein to lose func. Is denaturation. An amino acid contains a central carbon bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, an r-group, and a hydrogen. The r-group is what varies between the 20 amino acids and gives them unique characteristics. The covalent bonds between amino acids are called peptide bonds. It is a bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid. Amino acids are bonded through condensation reactions, which produces a water molecule. The basic structure of an amino acid is a carbon chain with an amino group (NH 2 ) at one end, and a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the other. The differences between amino acids lies in the carbon chain in the middle; it can be as simple as one carbon or as complex as many carbon atoms with branches and forks. Side groups can be added, such as sulphur. r, c, h, cooh, nh2