Biological Molecules

Biology 100 with Freymiller at University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire

About this deck

By: Stephanie Underdahl
Textbook:

Biology- W/Interactive Study CD
Created: 2010-10-15
Size: 46 flashcards
Views: 26

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Organic Molecules Always Contain...

carbon and hydrogen and may also contain nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur

Carbon Atom

Because carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outermost orbital it can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 different atoms.

Functional Groups

Attach to a carbon chain and impart special chemical properties to a molecule.

Macromolecules

Organic Compounds

Polymers

Are long chains of covalently bonded monomers

Carbohydrats

*****Are the most abundant carbon compounds in living organisms*****

MUST KNOW!!!

Monosaccharides

Are simple sugar that contain 3-7 carbon atoms

Glucose

Main source of energy for most cells

Fructose

Present in fruits and veggies. Very sweet

Ribose and Deoxyribose

Are 5 carbon sugars in nucleic acids

Disaccharides

Form when 2 monosaccharides are joined together by dehydration synthesis

Sucrose

Formed from glucose and fructose and is used to transport sugar plants

Lactose

Formed from glucose and galactose and is called "milk sugar"

Maltose

Formed from glucose and is by product of starch digestion

Polysaccharides

Are long chains of glucose molecules that are relatively insoluble in water making them useful as storage compounds or as structural compounds.

Starch

Branched polymer of glucose molecules used for E storage in plants

Glycogen

null

Cellulose

Long unbranched polymer of glucose used for structural strength in plants but not digestible by humans

Lipids

Story more energy per gram than carbohydrates. Are hydrophobic, non-polar (won't mix in water)

Triglycerides

Are composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol and are most familiar lipid

Fatty Acid

Has long non-polar hydrocarbon chain with polar group at 1 end

Saturated Fatty Acids

Have 1 carbon-carbon single bonds and 2 hydrogen atoms are attached to each atom of carbon.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Have 1 or more carbon-carbon double bonds and number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon is reduces.

Fats

Tend to be solid at room temperature and usually come from animal products and contain saturated fatty acids

Oils

Tend to be liquid at room temperature and usually come from plant products and contain unsaturated fatty acids

-Unsaturated Oils tend to be healthier than saturated fats and easier to digest

Phospholipids

Resemble triglycerides but a polar phosphate group replaces 1 of they fatty acids

*Important component of biological membranes

Steroids

Complex lipids whose structure is based on 4 rings of carbon atoms

Cholesterol

An important component in membranes and is used to synthesize sex hormones and other steroids. Cholesterol comes from animal products and is important in membranes and is need to synthesize sex hormones and other steroids.

Waxes

Contain a long fatty acid chain connected to an alcohol molecule. Highly waterproof compounds provide protection against desiccation.

Proteins

Are the most diverse carbon compounds in living organisms. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. At least 20 amino acids are used to build proteins and all have same basic structure. Function of protein is influenced by its overall shape.

Structural Proteins

Make up hair, nails, and muscle fibers. Ex: Keratin; collagen

Transpor Proteins

Carry substances throughout the body. Ex: Hemoglobin (blood)

Hormones

Serve as a chemical messenger Ex: Insulin

Antibodies

Protect organism against disease causing agents.

Enzymes

Catalyze chemical reactions necessary to sustain life.

Amino Acid

Are linked together by covalent peptide bonds to form polypeptides or dipeptides or a tripeptide.

Primary Structure

Represents the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide determined genetically

Secondary Structure

Determined by the way a polypeptide coils or folds because of hydrogen bonds.

Tertiary Structure

Refers to the 3-dimensional shape of a polypeptide

Quaternary Structure

Results when 2 or more polypeptides are joined together.

Denaturation of a protein

Proteins have the ability to modify structure of function properly. Any change in temperature or in pH can cause denaturation (significant change in structure that renders protein incapable of performing its usual function.

Nucleic Acids

are used by cells for a variety of functions. They are polymers and nucleotides.

Nucleotide Monomer

Consists of 5-carbon sugar, 1 or more phosphate groups, and a ring shaped nitrogenous base.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Consists of 2 long chains of deoxynucleotides arranged in double helix that store genetic information.

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Consists of a single chain of ribonucleotides that transfer genetic information to ribosomes.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Contains 3 phosphate groups and stores and supplies energy for biochemical reactions.

About this deck

By: Stephanie Underdahl
Textbook:

Biology- W/Interactive Study CD
Created: 2010-10-15
Size: 46 flashcards
Views: 26

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis