Biology 1500 Final Exam

Biology 1500 with Gayou at University of Missouri- Columbia

About this deck

By: Kelsey Russo
Textbook:

Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)
Created: 2011-12-13
Size: 84 flashcards
Views: 81

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Interspecific Competition

Interaction that occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survival.

Competition

Competing for the same resource at the same place and at the same time

Community Ecology

All organisms living in a specific area
All groups can and do interact with one another

Charles Elton (1920)

"1 hill cannot shelter two tigers"
Was the first to begin designing energy pyramids

Animal Defense- Warning Coloration

Very brightly colored
Toxic or poisonous
Easy to spot, makes predator violently ill

Mullerian Mimicry

Noxious critters mimic one another
Ex) Two species of skunk are black and white, both smelly but have different black and white stripes.

Batesian Mimicry

Same coloration as noxious organisms, but they aren't even poisonous
Get protection without poison or teeth
Only has to worry about keeping a population low so other animals don't eat them and find out they are in fact quite delicious!

Parasitism

Parasite benefits from the host
Harms the host
Wont kill the host if it is a good parasite
Ex) Tapeworms

Commensalism

One species directly benefits and the other is not harmed or helped.
Ex) A bird building a nest in a tree, it doesn't harm the tree but the bird is benefitting
Ex) Shark and a remora- When the shark eats, the remora eats. Remora gets a free ride and easy food.

Mutualism

Both species benefit
Ex) Ant and Acacia

Energy Flow

Passage of energy through an ecosystem which is a one way flow
Who's eating who? What's eating what?
Sun is unlimited energy
How many carnivores you have is dependent on the number of autotrophs (energy available)

Food Chain

The transfer of nutrients and energy from one organism to another.
Energy is transferred when something is eaten or decomposed.

Producers

Create sugar molecules
Store excess energy which is used by herbivores
Trophic level 1 (plants, autotrophs)

Primary Consumers

Herbivores (cows, insects)
Trophic level 2

Secondary Consumer

Carnivores that eat herbivores
Trophic level 3

Tertiary Consumer

Top Carnivore (hawk)
Carnivores that eat other carnivores
Trophic level 4

Detritus

All the dead products and waste
Nonliving organic material, such as the remains of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves, and wood.

Detritivores

Bacteria and Fungi
Eat all the dead stuff
Decompose things that eventually goes to plants again
Decomposers
Recycle chemical elements back to the primary producers

Food Web

Food chains put together
Can be different trophic levels depending on what they eat and when they eat
Depends on the number of producers and their energy
Each trophic level jumps about 10% energy

Ten Percent Rule

Only 10% of energy travels between trophic levels

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

170 billion tons of organic material is produced each year in the biosphere
Sets the amount of energy for consumers

Net Primary Productivity

GPP - Cellular Respiration = NPP
What is available to other critters

Energy Pyramids

10% rule between each trophic level
Wastes about 99% energy
As you move up the pyramid, there are fewer animals, the lower on the pyramid you are, the better.
Vast majority of endangered species are at the top of the pyramid

Progressive Diminution

The higher up on the energy pyramid, the smaller the number of animals gets

Marine Productivity

The open ocean doesn't create much life, the sun can't penetrate very far into water
Coastlines have the most energy production

Terrestrial Productivity

More productive than marine
Reproduce like crazy
Far North and far south is less energy

Estuary

Where salt water and fresh water mix
All of the worlds food and young fish get their start at estuaries

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Two species can't occupy the same niche at the same time
Ex) Hawks eat during the day and owls eat during the night.
If there is competition, one species will do well and the other will die off

Niche

The occupation of the organism

Predation

Interaction between two species
The prey develop adaptations to not be eaten, however, the predators develop adaptations to catch their prey.
Ex) Prey: Get big, become fast, have camo, stay in groups
Ex) Predators: Ambush tactics, hunt in packs

Coevolution

Predator and prey evolve together

Ecosystem

The sum of all the organisms living in a given area and the abiotic factors with which they interact.

Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only can be transferred or transformed.
Energy conversions are inefficient; some energy is always lost

Solar Energy Distribution

Equator- the sun seems to be directly above you. Very intense
Curvature of the Earth is the factor that affects different temperatures
When the sun hits te atmosphere, it heats up

Ocean Currents

Wind move water
Movement of the earth on it's axis affects the movement of water

Seasons

Planets travel around the sun
The Earth is 23.5 degrees tilted to the North
December, the northern hemisphere is cold and the planet is tilted away from the sun

Biomes

Combo of temperature and precipitation determine what can live there.
Cooler on the North side of a hill
Top of mountain is snowy and cold
The bottom of a mountain is warm and rainy

Tropical Rainforest

2-5 inches of rain
"hot house" or "green house" environment
Most complex biomes
Bad soil and doesn't retain nutrients
Direct Nutrient Cycling

Direct Nutrient Cycling

Organic material is immediately picked up by roots system and does not go to the soil to build up and become rich in nutrients.

Desert

Less than 30 cm of rainfall per year
3 types:

Hot- Sahara, Arabian, Central Australia (130-145 F)
Cool- sw U.S., Arizona (70-80 F)
Cold- Antarctica

3 things needed to start a fire

Burnable Material
Dry Weather
Source of Ignition

Disturbance

An event that disrupts an ecosystem

Fire Prevention

Began around the 1930s-1940s
Has made forest fires worse for when they occur

Surface Fire

The most common type of fire
Burn leaf litter and small stuff (debris) on the ground
Controlled burn

Crown Fire

Most common in coniferous places
Burns trees and surface level
Top of tree is called a crown

Ground Fire

Least common
Most destructive
Destroys all organic material below ground
Occurs mostly in Siberia and changes an ecosystem because it can hardly grow anything afterwards
Can see smoke

Effects of Fires on Soil

Fire causes soil to become more compact. More dense
Any fire raises soil temperature
Permeability decreases because molecules are closer together
Water rolls off and will have no vegetation with causes terrible erosion

Chaparral

Southern California
Rains in the winter and then its sunny the rest of the year and dries everything out.
Material turns dry and burnable
Burns every year; cause is lightning
Plants are adapted for drought

Wettability

Fire burns hillside
Plants produce chemical burnable material that enhances the fire
Flammable material soaks into the soil until it is cooled off and produces a barrier that is waterproof
Causes mudslides

Plant Adaptation

Sprouting to develop next season
Have thick bark that takes a while to burn, but protects the inner part of the tree where the important living stuff is
Rapid growth when they are young to get leaves as high as you can where they can't be easily burned

Jack Pine and Lodgepole Pines

Make up vast majority of pine trees
Unripened pine cones that haven't been opened up yet.
They stay on trees for decades until a fire opens the cone up and the seeds drop to the ground (seeds aren't killed) and they replant themselves.

Serotiny

A fire will open up pine cones where the seeds within them will replant themselves once the fire leaves

YellowStone National Park

In 1987 a fire burned down the whole forest because a fire hadn't occurred in over 300 years!

Chaparral

Dominated by shrubs and trees

North Coniferous Forest

Also known as "taiga"
LARGEST biome
Cold winters and hot summers
30-70cm of rain per year
Dominated by cone bearing trees
Animals: Moose, Brown Bears...

Temperate Grassland

Rain is highly seasonal; 30-100cm per year
Wet summers and dry winters
Cold winters and hot summers
Dominated by mostly grasses and a few trees
Deep fertile soi
Animals are typically grazers

Savannah

Scattered shrubs and isolated trees
Long dry winter, and long wet summer
Warm year round
Plants are tolerant of seasonal drought
Located around the equator

Tundra

Permafrost- permanently frozen ground
Covers 20% of the lands surface
Treeless
Consists of grasses, dwarf shrubs, and trees.
Cold

Temperate Broadleaf Forest

Has distinct vertical layers

Closed canopy
1-2 strata of understory trees
Shrub layer
Herb layer

Has four seasons
Mostly in the northern hemisphere and small in places like Chile, S. Africa, and New Zealand.

Passenger Pigeon

The most populous bird until 1914
In 1914, the last passenger pigeon named Martha died at the Cincinnati zoo
Went extinct because of commercial hunting and habitat destruction

Endangered Species Act

Enforced in 1973

Endangered Species

So few individual survivors that the species may soon become extinct

Ex) Whooping Crane, Blue Whale, California Condor

Threatened Species

Numbers are still abundant, however, you are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future because their population is decreasing.

Ivory Billed Woodpecker

Very tall
Knock off the top of trees
Live along the rivers in Southern US
Humans flooded woodlands and rivers
Thought to be extinct in the 1940s and 1950s but were found in the swamps of NE Arkansas

Snowy Egret

White bird
Gorgeous plumes
Were sold for fashion in the 1920s
In 1928 there was a fashion change and they were okay

Commercial Hunting

A lot of commercial hunting moved to Africa
Rhino
Elephants
Tigers

Rhinos

Black Rhino (gray)

Europeans thought it was gray at first

White Rhino (white)

Vikings said "vite" and Europeans thought they said white!

Rhinos killed for horns made of carotene
Made as daggers
Illegal to hunt them in almost every country

Elephants

Ivory tusks
African and Indian Elephant
Tusks were used for piano keys and billiard balls
Highly illegal to kill them

Tigers

Skin costs a minimum of 100,000 in Japan
Siberian Tiger

Pest Control

Carolina Parakeet (small parrot)
Indigenous parrot
Drink the juice from orange trees in Florida
Growers got upset and wiped out every single parakeet

Predator Control

Red Wolf

Southern half of the US
Came into contact with more people and farmer's livestock
Exterminated throughout the country because a wolf is a wolf (bad)
Brought wolf back from extinction but states don't want them

Gray Wolf

Everywhere

Objective of All Endangered Species Programs

Identify what is endangered
Provide them with immediate protection
Plan recovery for the species

US Fish and Wildlife Service

Responsible for the management of endangered species

Terrestrial species
Freshwater species

National Marine Fishery Service

Department of Commerce
Make sure individuals comply with fishing regulations

Protecting Species

Study the species- what is endangered and what isn't
Designate a critical habitat- habitat required for a species to survive
Develop and implement recovery programs

Endangered Species

Excludes PESTS
A pest is anything that interferes with human activity
States can have their own endangered species list but they can't include foreign species.

Ex Situ Care

Maintenance of species outside of their habitat
Zoos, aquariums...
Space of institution is limited and costly
Zoos are a last resort for endangered animals

Captive Propagation and Reintroduction

Breeding of species in confinement, and once there are enough, you release them back into the wild.

Black Footed Farrot
Whooping Crane
Bald Eagle
Arabian Orx

Black Footed Ferret

Predators of prairie dogs
Farmers didnt like that the holes of prairie dogs broke the legs of their cows
Exterminated prairie dogs which affected the ferret
In 1970s and 1980s-though to be extinct
Found in Wyoming and were captured and repopulated

Whooping Crane "whoopers"

Exterminated in 1930s
Population was down to 30 cranes
Bird watchers went to "sit" in Congress so that they would pass legislation to help the cranes
Double Clutching-steal an egg so they make another
Canadian biologist did double clutching in the wild.

Bald Eagle

Eats dead fish
Detritivore
Pesticides affected them and they couldn't lay thick quality eggs
Numbers got down to 200 eagles
Took pesticides out of their environment and they were fine again

Arabian Oryx

Gazelle type animal that lived in the mid-east
Hunted almost to extinction
Desert Animal
Biologist took a few and they reproduced like crazy and are now very common (zoos)

Translocation

The release of individuals who had recently been captured from the wild to an area that is not heavily populated by them so they can increase that other population with their species.
Musk Oxen

Fed ex them from Russia to Canada and Alaska

Double Clutching

When a bird lays and egg, a biologist will take that egg so that the female bird will produce another egg. Do this about 3-4 times, otherwise the female will become worn out.

About this deck

By: Kelsey Russo
Textbook:

Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)
Created: 2011-12-13
Size: 84 flashcards
Views: 81

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis