Biology 161 Exam 1 (chps. 2-6)

Biology 111 with Kowalski at Michigan State University

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By: hannah Seiler
Textbook:

Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)
Created: 2011-09-29
Size: 136 flashcards
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The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are?

· . hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

cohesion

Collectively, hydrogen bonds hold water togetherAs water molecules leave through evaporations, other water molecules are pulled up to replace them (because of hydrogen bonds)

surface tension

A measure of the force necessary to stretch or break the surface of a liquid, is related to Cohesion

solvent

dissolving agent

solute

the substance that is dissolved

molecular mass

The sum of the masses of all the atoms

acid

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration below y

Base

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solutionabove7

pH =

-log[H+]

isomers

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different chemical properties

structural isomers

have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms.

Thiols

organic molecule with sulfhydryl group

Hydroxyl group

-OH, Alcohols

Carbonyl group

C=O, Ketone/aldehyde

Carboxyl group

-COOH, Carboxylic Acid

Amino Group

-NH2, basic

Phosphate group

has negative 2 charge, and bound to 4 oxygen and one binds to carbon on the backbone.

Variations in the reactive properties of different organic molecules are most closely associated with ____

the presence or absence of functional groups

Which two functional groups are always found in amino acidsWhich two functional groups are always found in amino acids

carboxyl and amino

Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way do these molecules differ from each other

Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton

Hydrocarbons?

Found in fats, cant form hydrogen bonds with water.

Which of the following bonds can form between atoms of equal electronegativity?

Van der Waals interactions can form between atoms of equal electronegativ

Carbohydrates are very _____________ because have oxygens on them.

Polar

2 types of storage of glucose (polymers of glucose)

starch(only plants)

glycogen (animals)

Cellulose

most abundant organic compound on earth
polymer of glucose

Plant cell walls

Starch configuration

All glucose monomers of startch are in the Alpha configuration, and is forms helical shape because of the -OH attraction to self.

Cellulose configuration

Beta configuration (every other -OH top then -OH on bottom)
Causes to make straight lines,
H+ on one strand form hyrdogen bonds with OH group on other
very strong and close together

Chiten

Exoskeleton of arthropods, surgical thread.

glucose + glucose

Maltose

Galactose + glucose

lactose

glucose + fructose

sucrose

hydrolysis

Putting water in to break bond between monomers to break polymers apart

dehydration

taking water out to make bond between monomers to form polymers

What macromolecule does NOT form polymers from monomers

Lipids

hexoses

6 carbon sugars

pentoses

5 carbon sugars

trioses

3 carbon sugars

Monosacharides join with disaccharides to form __________ _________

glycosidic linkage

Grouped cellulose forms

microfibrils

Which macromolecule does form polymers?

lipids

Glycosidic linkage

formed between to monossaccharides (between 2 hydroxyls)

Ester Linkage

3 fatty acids (-COOH) are joined to glycerol (-OH).

Saturated fatty acids

has no carbon-carbon double bonds (it is saturated with hydrogens at every possible point)

unsaturated fatty acids

iff the fatty acid has one or more carbon-carbon double bonds formed by the removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon skeleton

hydrogenated vegetable oils

unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by addition of hydrogen

Principle energy storage for plants?

starch, because they are immobile, and use oils for seeds for more compact storage

Principle energy storage for animals?

Fat, animals have to carry their energy sores with them, so they benefit from having a more compact fuel reservoir.

Phospholipids are amphipathic, which means these molecules

Are composed of a hydrophilic portion and hydrophobic portion.

There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another?

different side chains (R groups) attached to the amino groups.

C) different side chains (R groups) attached to the α carbon.

steroids

lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

· Different steroids are created by varying the functional groups attached to the rings

cholesterol

important steroid, is in membranes (precursor from which all other steroids are synthesized, such as hormones)

Polypeptides

polymers of protein

Protein

consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific formation

Amino Acids

Are the monomers from which proteins are constructed
have organic molecules with both Carboxyl (-COOH) and amino (NH2) groups
At the center of an amino acid is an asymemetric carbon atom called the alpha carbon
The Variable R group attaches here also (SIDE CHAIN)

Side Chain of amino acid

Variable R groups

R group

Determine the unique characteristics of a particular amino acid

All proteins are constructed fro the same ____ _________ _______

20 amino acids

peptide bond

covalent bond between amino acids when dehydration removes a hydroxyl (-OH) from the carboxyl (-COOH) end and one amino acid and a hydrogen atom from the amino group (NH2+) of another.

Primary Structure

they unique sequence of amino acids

secondary structure

hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone. · The weakly positve hydrogen bonds attached to the nitrogen atom has an affinity for the oxyge n atom of a nearby peptide bond

Alpha helix

delicate coil held together by H+ bonding by every 4^th amino acid. (secondary structure)

beta pleated sheet

· 2 or more regions of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the 2 parallel polypeptide backbones. (secondary structure)

Tertiary structure

determined by interactions among the R groups, such as disulfide bridges (very strong)

Quaternary structure

arises when 2 or more polypeptides join to form a protein

· ie. collagen, fibrous protein made of 3 polypeptides

· ie. hemoglobin, globular proein with 4 polypeptide subunits

what can denature(unravel) a protein?

alterations in pH, Salt concentration, temperature. (these forces disrupt the hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges that maintain the proteins shape. so it becomes biologically inactive.

Chaperonins

assists the folding of many proteins. They work to segregate and protect the polypeptide while it folds spontaneously

Nucleic Acid

Polymers made of nucleotide monomers organized as polynucleotides. (2 types of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

3 parts of a nucleotide? and what is it to a nucleic acid?

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group. MONOMER

Nitrognous bases

ring of carbon and nitrogen. Pyrimidines only 1, 6-membered ring. purines 6 membered and 5 membered.

pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil

purine

guanine, adenine

Pentose sugar in RNA

Ribose (has oxygen on 2' C)

Pentose sugar in DNA

Deoxyribose (no oxygen on 2'C)

Nucleoside

ONly pentose and nitrognous base

Phosphodiester linkage

Covalent linkage that forms polynucleotides. Formed between The -OH group on the 3' Cof one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5' Carbon(one that sticks out) of the next

Antiparallel

the 2 backbones run in opposite directions from eachother. 5’-3’ would have to be 3’- 5’ to match it.

A double-stranded DNA molecule contains a total of 120 purines and 120 pyrimidines. This DNA molecule could be composed of

120 thymine and 120 adenine molecules

What aspects of protein structure are stabilized or assisted by hydrogen bond

secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, but not primary structure

The nucleotide (monomers) for DNA (deoxyribonucleic ACID)

Deoxyribonucleotide (only hyrdoxyl on 3' carbon)

The nucleotide (monomer) for RNA (ribonucleic ACID)

Ribonucleotide (has hydroxyl on both 2' and 3' carbon)

best description of the cell cytoskeleton.

The cell cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of fibers that can be quickly dismantled and reassembled to change cell shape and the position of cell components

what is the major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?

the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cell's function

Where are the chemical rxns involved in respirations likely to occur in prokaryotic respiration

the inner plasma membrane

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?

Gap junctions

What is the main thing that prokaryotic cells have/dont have compared to Eukaryotic cells

Have: CELL WALL. dont have: Memrane bound nucleus

DNA packed with proteins in a prokaryotic cell is called what?

Chromatin

Ribosomes in a Prokaryotic cell?

Have RNA/protein complexes responsible in protien synthesis

RNP (ribonucleoprotein complex)

in prokaryotic cell, complex that contains BOTH RNA and protiesn

what do 3 things do ALL cells have?

Cytosol, chromosomes(DNA), ribosomes

cytosol + organelles = ?

cytoplasm

Endomembrane system includes?

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacules, plasma membrane

What does the nucleolus do?

site of ribosome subunit assembly

2 things smooth ER does?

lipid synthesis, functions in breakdown of toxins

Side of the golgi apparatus where cargo comes in from the ER?

cis face

side of golgi apparatus where the cargo leaves?

trans face

What is in a peroxisome that breaks hydrogen peroxice down into water and oxygen?

catalase

signal peptides

can target eukaryotic proteins to the correct compartment, it is a short stretch of amino acids within the protein that can be recognized by the targeting machinery

free ribosomes in cytosol synthesize proteins for what nonendomembrane system organelles?

Nucleus, the mitochondria, the chloroplasts or the peroxisome

ER Signal peptide:

a poplypeptide destined for the endomembrane system or for secretion has this specific signal peptide which is at or near the leading end.

Tay Sachs disease results from large lipid accumulation, which organelle is involved in this condition?

lysosome

What 2 main things do microfilaments function in? and what are they made of?

determining cell shape (microvilli) and in cellular movement(muscles.myoin). ACTIN

how do intermediate filaments function? and what proteins make them?

Stablize cell structure (resist tension). Keratin Family.

In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are what?

microtubules

during muscle contrations, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of what?

microfilaments

The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the _______ ________

intermediate filaments

Amoebia use extensions of _________ to move

pseudopodia

in plant cells, circular flow of cytoplasm within cell, helps with movement

Cytoplasmic streaming

Glycoprotein

Proteins with covalently bonded carbohydrates.

main glycoprotein?

collagen

Collagen fibers are embedded in a cell network of glycoprotein _______

proteoglycans

A proteoglycan molecule consists of a samll core _____ with many _______ chains covalently attached.

protein/carbohydrate

What attaches the ECM to integrins in the plasma membrane and are ECM glycoprotein

Fibronectins

What are integrins?

Cell surface receptor proteins that span the membrane
bind to the ECM on one side and to associated proteins attache to microfilaments on the other
Transmit signals between them

volume enclosed by the plasma membrane is usually larger then the volume in a plant cell why?

plant cells contain a large Vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm

Hemolysis

lysing of blood cell (bursts)

Crenation

Blood cell shrinks

3 types of intracellular digestion by lysosome?

phagocytosis:
autophagy:
receptor mediated endocytosis: .

phagocytosis:

plasma engulfs a particle outside the cell

autophagy:

damaged organelle inside the cell is surrounded by a membrane and delivered to lysosome

eceptor mediated endocytosis:

specific cargo can be taken up from outside the cell. then to lysosome

The inner membrane of mitochondria form what?

Cristae, make lage surface area inside

What does the matrix do and have in mitochondria

ATP productions. Contains enzymes as well as the mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes.

Internal membrane system of chloroplasts? and form stakcs of what?

Thylakoids which form stack of Grunum

The fluid outside the thylakoids in a chloroplast organelle, and contains its own DNA , ENzymes, and ribosomes?

Stroma

Basic structure of plant cell walls?

microfibrils and cellulose embedded in a matrix of protiens and other polysaccharides

primary cell wall

young plant cell first secrete. relatively thin and flexible

Middle lamella

between primary walls of adjacent cells. Thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides ( glues adjacent cells together

Secondary cell wall

between the plasma membrane and the primary wall. very strong. example: wood

DNA containing region of bacteria

Nucleoide region

DNAase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. DNA molecules treated with DNAase?

The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken

centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into _______