Biology Chapter 10

StudyBlue printing of Biology Chapter 10 html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Friday, March 11 TB (tuberculosis) caused be a bacterium symptoms cough that produces blood fever period of wasting Since the 1980's scientists have noticed an increase in TB that is resistant to antibiotics 10.2 Natural Selection Causes Evolution Natural selection is considered to be the primary cause of evolution Natural selection is an inference based on four observations Individuals within populations vary Some of the variation within individuals can be passed on to their offspring Populations of organisms produce more offspring than will survive Survival and reproduction are not random Survival and reproduction are not random Fitness: Relative survival and reproduction of variants Adaptations - traits that increase ind. fitness in environment Result of natural selection Favorable inherited variations tend to increas in frequency Unfavorable Variations tend to be lost End result is a change in the traits of individuals in a population Artificial Selection Selection imposed by human choice Breeds of pigeons studied by Darwin arose through artificial selection Three categories of misunderstandings of natural selection Relationship between indvidual vs. population individuals cannot change their DNA Evolution occurs in populations not individuals Natural Selection Results from Current Environmental Condition Natural selection causes populationto be more fit for their environment Natural Selection Acts on the Inherited Traits of Individuals Natural Selection Does Not Result in Perfection Natural selection causes populations to be more fit for their environment, not necessarily better organisms Increased success in one environment does not mean success in a different environment Adaptations are constrained by underlying biology of an organism Having wings is not a variant for humans THe panda's thumb illustrates this rule Pandas have 5 fingers (like humans) plus a thumb making eating easier the thumb is constructed from a wrist bone and controlled by hand muscles Humans have an opposable thumb, created from one of the five digits in the panda population this was not a variant, so natural selection could not act on it Some plants gave evolved colorful flowers to attract the insect populations Flowers help pollination Not having flowers is neither worse nor a regression they are simply different to best fit their environment Natural selection effects populations in was other than changing them; Cause a populations's traits to remain very stable Cause a population to split into two species Diversifying selection - the average condition is the least fit Increases the diversity two or more variants are fit Stabilize the population 10.3 Natural Selection Since Darwin - The Modern Synthesis The union of genetics and evolution Knowledge of genetics facilitates understanding of the mechanisms of evolution Alleles are the bases of variation of trais Mutations can create new alleles and provide the bases for new traits Natural selection provides a filter that selects for or against new traits Mycobacterium Tuberculoses gas evolved resistance to antibiotics it fulfills the same observations Darwin made Bacteria in the population vary Variation can be passed 10.4 Stopping Drug Resistance Combination therapy is a powerful tool against drug resistance. If bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics can huas evolve resistance to bacteria Humans do vary in their immune capacity to evolve resistance to superbugs would require many humas to die Evolution of resistance requires exposure to pathogens most humans are never exposed Natural selection as also resulted in our brains giving us another took to fight disease