Biology Exam #2

Biology 211 with Hofmockel at Iowa State University

About this deck

By: Megan Behr
Textbook:

Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)

Student Study Guide for Biology
Created: 2011-09-18
Size: 125 flashcards
Views: 18

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Plant

A multicellular eukaryotic organism that is photosynthetic, generally lives on land, and is adapted in many ways to cope with the environmental stresses of life on land.

Charophyceans

The lineages of freshwater green algae that are most closely related to the land plants.

Apical Meristems

In plants, a group of actively dividing cells at a growing tip.

10 Phyla of living land plants

1. liverworts
2. mosses
3. hornworts
4. lycophytes
5. pteridophytes
6. cycads
7. ginkgos
8. conifers
9. gnetophytes
10. flowering plants; angiosperms

Bryophytes

Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.

Zygotic life cycle

The diploid generation consists of only one cell, the zygote.
(zygote is the only cell that undergoes meiosis)

Sporic life cycle

There is an alternation of generations. Meiosis results in the formation of spores, which are reproductive cells that allow organisms to disperse in the environment.

Alternation of generations

Land plants produce two types of multicellular bodies that alternate in time. These two types of bodies are known as the diploid, spore-producing sporophyte generation and the haploid, gamete-producing gametophyte generation.

Sporophyte

The diploid generation of plants or multicellular protists that have a sporic life cycle; this generation produces haploid spores by the process of meiosis.

Spore

A haploid, typically single-celled reproductive structure of fungi and plants that is dispersed into the environment and is able to grow into a new fungal mycelium or plant gametophyte in a suitable habitat.

Matrotophy

In plants, the phenomenon in which zygotes remain enclosed within gametophyte tissues, where they are sheltered and fed.

Embryophytes

A synonym for land plants.

Gametophyte

In plants and many multicellular protists, the haploid stage that produces gametes by mitosis.

Sporangia

Structures that produce and disperse the spores of plants, fungi, or protists.

Sporopollenin

The tough material that composes much of the was of plant spores and helps to prevent cellular damage during transport in air.

Gametangia

Specialized structures produced by many land plants in which developing gametes are protected by a jacket of tissue.

Archegonia

Flask-shaped plant gametangia that enclose an egg cell.

Antheridia

Round or elongate gametangia that produce sperm in plants.

Vascular tissues

Plant tissues that provides both structural support and conduction of water, minerals, and organic compounds.

Nonvascular Plants

A plant that does not produce lignified vascular tissue; includes the bryophytes.

Vascular Plants

A plant that contains vascular tissue. Includes all modern plant species except liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.

Tracheophytes

A term used to describe vascular plants.

tracheids

A type of dead, lignified plant cell in xylem that conducts water, along with dissolved minerals; also provides structural support.

stem

A plant organ that produces buds, leaves, branches, and reproductive structures.

Phloem*

A specialized conducting tissue in a plant's stem.

Xylem

A specialized conducting tissue in plants that transports water, minerals, and some organic compounds.

Lignin

A tough polymer that adds strength and decay resistance to cell walls of tracheids, vessel elements, and other cells of plants.

Root

A plant organ that provides anchorage in the soil and also fosters efficient uptake of water and minerals.

Leaves

Flattened plant organs taht emerge from stems and function in photsynthesis.

Waxy Cuticle

A protective, waterproof layer of polyester and wax present on most surfaces of vascular plant sporophytes.

Stomata

Surface pores on plant surfaces that can be closed to retain water or open to allow the entry of CO2 needed for photosynthesis and the exit of oxygen and water vapor.

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits.

Seed Plant

The informal name for gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Seed

A reproductive structure having specialized tissues that enclose plant embryos; produced by gymnosperms and flowering plants, usually as the result of sexual reproduction.

Spermatophytes

All of the living and fossil seed plant phyla.

Lignophytes

Modern and fossil seed plants and seedless ancestors that produced wood.

Flower

A reproductive shoot; a short stem that produces reproductive organs instead of leaves.

Fruit

A structure that develops from flowers organs, encloses seeds, and fosters seed dispersal in the environment.

Endosperm

A nutritive tissue that increases the efficiency with which food is stored and used in the seeds of flowering plants.

K/T Event

An ancient cataclysm that involved at lest one large meteorite or comet that crashed into the earth near the present-day Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico about 65 million years ago.

Placental Transfer tissues

In plants, a nutritive tissue that aids in the transfer of nutrients from maternal parent to embryo.

Lycophyll

A relatively small leaf having a single unbranched vein; produced by lycophytes.

Euphyll

A leaf with branched veins.

Euphyllophytes

The clade that includes pteridophytes and seed plants.

Ovule

In a seed plant, a megaspore-producing megasporangium and enclosing tissues known as integuments.

Integuments

In plants, a structure that encloses the megasporangium to form an ovule.

Pollen

In seed plants, tiny make gametophytes enclosed by sporopollenin-containing microspore walls.

Microspores

In seed plants and some seedless plants, a relatively small spore that produces a male gametophyte within the spore wall.

Megaspore

In seed plants and some seedless plants, a large spore that produces a female gametophyte within the spore wall.

Pollination

The process in which pollen grains are transported to an angiosperm flower or a gymnosperm cone primarily by means of wind or animal pollinators.

Seed Coat

A hard and tough covering that develops from the ovule's integuments and protects a plant embryo.

Double Fertilization

In angiosperms, the process in which two different fertilization events occur, producing both a zygote and the first cell of a nutritive endosperm tissue.

Heterospory

In plants, the formation of two different types of spores: microspores and megaspores; microspores produce male gametophytes, and megaspores produce female gametophytes.

Endosporic Gametophytes

A plant gametophyte that grows within the confines of microspore or megaspore walls.

Wood

A secondary plant tissue composed of numerous pipe-like arrays of dead, empty, water-conducting cells whose walls are strengthened by an exceptionally tough secondary metabolite known as lignin.

Vascular Cambrium

A secondary meristematic tissue of plants that produces both wood and inner bark.

Progymnosperms

An extinct group of plants having wood but not seeds, which evolved before the gymnosperms.

Eustele

In plants, a ring of vascular tissue arranged around a central pith of nonvascular tissue; typical of progymnosperms, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

Pit

A thin-walled circular area in a plant cell wall where secondary wall materials such as lignin are absent and through which water moves.

Torus

The nonporous, flexible central region of a conifer pit that functions like a valve.

Vessel

In a plant, a pipeline-like file of dead, water-conducting vessel elements.

Receptacle

the enlarged region of the tip of a flower peduncle to which flower parts are attached

Pedicel

A flower stalk.

petal

A flower organ that usually serves to attract insects or other animals for pollen transport.

Sepal

A flower organ that occurs in a whorl located outside whorls of petals of eudicot plants.

Tepal

A flower perianth part that cannot be distinguished by appearance as a petal or a sepal.

Perianth

The term that refers to flower petals and sepals collectively.

Stamen

A flower organ that produces the male gametophyte, pollen.

Carpel

A flower shoot organ that produces ovules that contain female gametophyte.

Complete Flower

A flower that possesses all four types of flower organs.

Incomplete Flower

A flower that lacks one or more of the four flower organ types.

Perfect Flower

A flower that has both stamen and carpels.

Imperfect Flower

A flower that lacks either stamens or carpels.

Pistil

A flower structure that may consist of a single carpel or multiple, fused carpels and is differentiated into stigma, style, and ovary.

Stigma

In a flower, the topmost portion of the pistil, which receives and recognizes pollen of the appropriate species or genotype.

Style

In a flower, the elongate portion of the pistil through which the pollen tube grows.

Ovary

In plants, the lowermost portion of the pistil that encloses and protects the ovules.

Filaments

The elongate portion of a flower's stamen; contains vascular tissue that delivers nutrients from parental sporophytes to anthers.

Anther

The uppermost part of a flower stamen, consisting of a cluster of microsporangia that produce and release pollen.

Monocots

One of the two largest lineages of flowering plants in which the embryo produces a single seed leaf.

Eudicots

One of the two largest lineages of flowering plants in which the embryo possesses two seed leaves.

Pollinator

An animal that carries pollen between angiosperm flowers or cones of gymnosperms.

Inflorescence

A cluster of flowers on a plant.

Legume

A member of the pea (bean) family; also their distinctive fruits.

Grain

The characteristic single-seeded fruit of cereal grasses such as rice, corn, barley, and wheat.

Secondary Metabolite

Molecules that are produced by secondary metabolism.

Coevolution

The process by which two or more species of organisms influence each other's evolutionary pathway.

Pollination Syndromes

The pattern of coevolved traits between particular types of flowers and their specific pollinators.

Shattering

The process by which ears of wild grain crops break apart and disperse seeds.

Substrate

The organic compounds such as soil or rotting wood that fungi use as food.
ex: soil, a rotting log, a piece of bread, a living tissue, or a wide array of other materials.

Absorptive nutrition

The process whereby an organism uses enzymes to digest organic materials and absorbs the resulting small food molecules into its cells.

chitin

A tough, nitrogen-containing polysaccharide that forms the external skeleton of many insects and the cell walls of fungi.

mycelium

A fungal body composed of microscopic branched filaments known as hyphae.

hyphae

A microscopic , branched filament of the body of a fungus.

fruiting bodies

The visible fungal reproductive structures that are composed of densely packed hyphae that typically grow out of the substrate.

Septa/septum

A cross wall; examples include the cross walls that divide the hyphae of most fungi into many small cells and the structure that separates the old and new chambers of a nautilus.

Aseptate

The condition of not being partitioned into smaller cells; usually refers to fungal cells.

intranuclear spindle

A spindle that forms within an intact nuclear envelope during nuclear division in fungi and some protists.

conidia

A type of asexual reproductive cell produced by many fungi.

yeast

A fungus that can occur as a single cell and that reproduces by budding.

plasmogamy

The fusion of the cytoplasm between two gametes.

karyogamy

The process of nuclear fusion.

dikaryotic

The occurrence of two genetically distinct nuclei in the cells of fungal hyphae after mating has occurred.

aflatoxins

Fungal toxins that cause liver cancer and are a major health concern worldwide.

dimorphic fungi

Fungi that can exist in two different morphological forms.

mycorrhizae

Associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of plants.

endomycorrhizae

Partnerships between platns and fungi in which the fungal hpae grow into the spaces between root cell walls and plasma membranes.

arbuscular mycorrhizae

Symbiotic associations between AM fungi and the roots of vascular plants.

ectomycorrhizae

Beneficial interactions between temperate forest trees and soil fungi.

endophyte

A mutualistic fungus that lives compatibly within the tissues of carious types of plants.

lichens

The mutualistic association between particular fungi and certain photosynthetic green algae or cyanobacteria. This association results in a body from distinctive from that of either partner alone.

soredia

An asexual reproductive structure produced by lichens consisting of small clumps of hyphae surrounding a few algal cells that can disperse in wind currents.

chytrids

Simple, early-diverging phyla of fungi; commonly found in aquatic habitats and moist soil, where they produce flagellate reproductive cells.

zygomycete

A phylum of fungi that produces distinctive, large zygospores as the result of sexual reproduction.

gametangia

Specialized structures produced by many land plants in which developing gametes are protected by a jacket of tissue.

zygospore

A dark-pigmented, thick-walled spore that matures within the zygosporangium of zygomycete fungi during sexual reproduction.

AM fungi

A phylum