Biology of Malnutrition Pt 3

StudyBlue printing of Biology of Malnutrition Pt 3 html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Micro-nutrient Deficiencies 3 Important Types: 1) Iron 2) Iodine 3) Vitamin A 1) Iron Deficiency (Anemia) - absence of iron stores cambined with signs of iron-deficient red blood cell production implying an insufficient supply of Iron to various tissues ~concern worldwide ~insufficient hemoglobin is the primary symptom of iron deficiency 3.5 billion either deficient or anemic 1/3 of adult males in developing countries 5% of adult males in developed countries Iron Deficiency Problems Decrease Blood Loss menses, gastrointestinal tumors, parasites Growth Pregnancy Malaria parasites infections blood production Why Do We Need Iron? is a part of the many proteins involved in oxygen transportation and oxidation/reduction reactions Hemoglobin - protein of red blood cells that carries oxygen molecules myoglobin - protein similar to hemoglobin found in the cytoplasm of muscle cells Enzymes protection of free-radicals Body 2/3 functional - being used 1/3 stored in deficient people the stored Iron is pulled out Transported by Protein stored in protein called "ferritin" Foods that contain Iron Meat has Heme- Iron easily absorb-able Vegetables has Non-Heme-Iron Problems with Anemia Productivity decreases > labor to decrease > wages decrease > food brought back to family decreases > causes repetition of cycle. > mothers become malnourished > babies to be born with cognitive defects > maternal deaths increase Iodine ~ decrease in the last 50 years of Iodine problems; do to Iodization of salt ~ is needed for thyroid hormone; regulates metabolic activities of all cells Lack of Iodine Adults Thyroid enlarges to catch more iodine = Goiter Children Iodine plays key role in cell replication - brain cell multiplying decreases if deficient Deficient increase rates of spontaneous abortion still births congneital anamolies Cretinism > such sever case of under development that children are usually hidden psycho motor deficits neonutal mortality (death) Goiter - Explained Thyroid swells even if nutrition is replenished the Thyroid remains enlarged. Vitamin A ~30% of people worldwide are Vitamin A deficient ~ Needed for: Gene expressions Maintenance of epithelial tissue ( gastrointestinal, genitourinary, lungs, skin; (lining tissue and mucus)) Regulation of growth and differentiation of cells (immune system) Rhodopsin -as apart of visual pigment absorbs light When Amount Of Rhodopsin is limited - " night blindness " can accrue = the process of interpreting light slows down and harder at night Genes Retinoic Acid = involved in cell differention cell differention - epitheclial cells & mucus that provides a protein layer against foreign bodies Immune System macroplages & natural killer cell activity like B-Lymphocytes > theses guys detect and kill bacteria, viruses, and infecions Process Vitamin A is absorbed by liver through fats When Deficient - Vitamin A is pulled out of storage (in the liver) > changes in the immune system > vision becomes impaired last Best sources of Vitamin A beed liver carrots mustard greens egg yolk apricots Symptoms of Deficient Vitamin A impaired immune functions night blindness dry skin dry cornea & eventual blindness "Night Blindness" ( Xeropthalmia ) the lack of mucus in the eye allows foreign bodies to settle in the eye and then enter the body infections bacteria conjuncatival rosis ( dryness of the lining of the eyelids) scaring of the eye > eye is lost after this point and is not reversal Keratinizaed cells creates hard, bumpy, dry , rough skin lose of appetite Resolution Vitamin A - supplementation Toxicity of Vitamin A Symptoms Nausea vomiting headaches, blurred vision Lack of muscular coordination