Biology Part 1
Biology 102 with Darville/martin/transue at Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway
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Biodiversity
variety of living organisms and the variety of ecosystems they form
How much of precriptions are derived from living organisms?
40%
systematics
study of the diversity of porganisms and their evolutionary relationships
taxonomy
the science of naming, decribing and classifying organisms
synonym for classification: system has to reflect phylogeny (evolutionary history of a group)
synonym for classification: system has to reflect phylogeny (evolutionary history of a group)
classification
arranging organisms into groups based on similarities that reflect evolitionary relationships
Carolus Linnaeus when and what did he do
(18th century) grouped orgs based on mainly structural similarities. and came up with binomial nomenclature
Swedish botanist - father of moderm classification
Swedish botanist - father of moderm classification
Before Linnaeus?
each species had a lengthy descriptive name, sometimes consisting of 10 or more latin words.
binomial system of nomenclature
each species is assigned a specific two-part name. where the first part is the genus and the second is the specific epithet
usually greek or latin and the genus is always capitalized.
usually greek or latin and the genus is always capitalized.
taxon
(pl taxa) formal unit of classification (ex. kingdom protista, algae is not)
natural vs. artificial classification
art- no evolution- just a way to keep things straight
natural-
natural-
hierarchy of classification
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus (pl. genera), species: "Kinky People Come Over For Great Sex"
species
basic unit of classification; kind of organism
ii. developed binomial system of nomenclature, where first part designates the genus and the second part is the specific epithet
ii. developed binomial system of nomenclature, where first part designates the genus and the second part is the specific epithet
morphospecies
morphospecies – members of the same species share common morphologicall characteristics, they are partof same gene pool (similar)
character
some defined attribute ie a leg
character states
leg long or short. measurements
homologous characters
similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor
Similarity is based on evolutionary relationships.
ex. tiktaalik- (forelimbs) - big freshwater fish 375 million yr ago- shows same humorous, alba, and radius
Similarity is based on evolutionary relationships.
ex. tiktaalik- (forelimbs) - big freshwater fish 375 million yr ago- shows same humorous, alba, and radius
Analogous Characters
similar because they are used in similar ways
ii. result from convergent evolution
ii. result from convergent evolution
six kingdoms
bacteria, archaea, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
Charles darwin
in 1859, published “The Origin of Species By Natural Selection”
i. collected massive scientific evidence supporting evolution
ii. natural system of classification reflects evolutionary relationships to extent that they are understood
iii. goal was to understand the Phyologeny of a group
i. collected massive scientific evidence supporting evolution
ii. natural system of classification reflects evolutionary relationships to extent that they are understood
iii. goal was to understand the Phyologeny of a group
What increased interest in systematic
. more interest in systematics as a result of new technology available to study it
i. discovery of DNA, computers with algorithms, etc.
b. also, as more biological extinctions of species occur, scientists desire to study them and know they existed
i. discovery of DNA, computers with algorithms, etc.
b. also, as more biological extinctions of species occur, scientists desire to study them and know they existed
Ernst Mayr
evolutionary biology! in 20's- went to New Guinea to study birds with tribes people. descriptions matched. decided species were real
biological species
A population or group of populations whose numbers have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce fertile offspring, but cannot successfully interbreed with members of other populations.”
ii. concerns how reproduction (sexual) is fundamental to evolution
ii. concerns how reproduction (sexual) is fundamental to evolution
Protista
diverse.
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Dennis
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