Blood - Lecture 15
Anatomy & Physiology 220 with Tomco at Brigham Young University
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plasma
straw-colored liquid composed of water, proteins, and other solutes
makes up about 55% of blood
buffy coat
composed of leukocytes (WBCs) and thrombocytes (platelets)
forms less than 1% of a blood sample
erythroctyes (RBCs)
typically make up about 44% of blood
hematocrit
percentage of blood volume made of red blood cells
typically men are higher quantity
varies with hormone changes and altitude
blood doping
athlete donates RBCs to himself by removing a unit of blood and storing. body replaces blood and the unit is injected back; increasing hematocrit
thought to affect muscle performance
dangerous
functions of blood
transportation
regulation
protection
transportation
oxygen and carbon dioxide - RBCs
nutrients, hormones, and waste products - plasma
regulation
absorbs heat and distributes throughout the body - plasma
constrict and dilate to regulate temperature - vessels
regulates body pH and fluid levels in cardiovascular system
protection
from infection - WBCs
transports infection-fighting antibodies - plasma
forms blood clots - platelets
blood plasma
mix of water, proteins, and solutes
serum has clotting proteins removed
water makes up 92% of volume; facilitates transport of materials
plasma proteins
make up 7%
albumins
most abundant plasma protein
regulate osmosis between blood and interstitial fluid
transport proteins and lipids
globulins
binds, supports, and protects water-insoluble hormones and ions
antibodies
fibrinogen
converts into fibrin
blood clot formation
regulatory proteins
enzymes and hormones
erythrocytes
not a true cell; no nucleus or organelles
biconcave discs
filled with hemoglobin - transports oxygen and CO2
rouleau
biconcave discs
allows gases to be loaded and unloaded efficiently
rouleau
RBCs line up in single file as they pass through small vessels
blood types
identified by surface antigens
ABO blood group
polycythemia
too many erythrocytes in blood
causes increase in viscosity of blood placing strain on heart
therapeutic blood donations
anemia
too few RBCs leads to low oxygen levels
iron deficiency - lack of iron or chronic blood loss
sickle cell disease
genetic disease
RBC is sickle-shaped
hemolysis
leukocytes
true cells - contain nucleus and organelles
larger than erythrocytes
initiate immune response and defend against pathogens
diapedesis
chemotaxis
diapedesis
WBCs leave the bloodstream and enter tissues
chemotaxis
WBCs are attracted to site of infection by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens
types of leukocytes
granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
agranulocytes - lymphocytes, monocytes
neutrophils
phagocytize infectious pathogens by secreting lysozyme
eosinophils
parasitic infections
allergies
basophils
allergic reactions
histamine (allergy symptoms)
heparin (inhibits clotting)
leukocytosis
high WBC count
infection, inflammation, extreme stress
leukopenia (poverty)
low WBC count
viral or bacterial infections
leukemia
cancer in WBC-forming cells
proliferation of abnormal WBC
cancer cells take over bone marrow and slow production of erythrocytes and thrombocytes (causes anemia and bleeding)
thrombocytes
called platelets (live 8-10 days)
cell-fragments of megakaryocytes
clotting disorders
thrombocytopenia
hemophilia
hemophilia
lack of clotting factors
usually acquired genetically
thrombocytopenia
abnormally low concentration of platelets in blood
results from damage to bone marrow, chemotherapy, leukemia, or overactive spleen
hemopoiesis
production of formed elements
occurs in red bone marrow
stem cells form all blood cells
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