BMS 208 Exam 3
Biomedical Science 208 with Algee-hewit at Grand Valley State University
About this deck
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj
Sign up (free) to study this.
Fibrous Joints
fibrous connective tissue
cranial sutures
cranial sutures
cartilaginous joints
fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage- pubic symphysis, intervetebral discs
hyaline- costal cartilage
fibrocartilage- pubic symphysis, intervetebral discs
hyaline- costal cartilage
synovial joints
synovial membrane secreting synovial fluid
shoulder, knee, hip, ankle
shoulder, knee, hip, ankle
synarthrosis
no movement at joint
cranial sutures
epiphyseal plates
costal cartilage
cranial sutures
epiphyseal plates
costal cartilage
synostosis
abnormal fusion of neighbor bones
craniosynostosis
one or more sutures on a baby's head to close earlier thannorma
amphiarthrosis
slight movement
2 types: symphysis and syndesmosis
2 types: symphysis and syndesmosis
symphysis
bones are joined by fibrocartilaginous tissue
ie pubic symphysis
ie pubic symphysis
syndesmosis
long bones are joined by interosseous membrane
ligament attaches to interosseous crest or border
upper limbs- present between radius and ulna
lower limbs- present between tibia and fibula
ligament attaches to interosseous crest or border
upper limbs- present between radius and ulna
lower limbs- present between tibia and fibula
diarthrosis
free movement
all diarthrotic joints are synovial joints
found predominantly in limbs
allow for many possible types of movement
all diarthrotic joints are synovial joints
found predominantly in limbs
allow for many possible types of movement
fibrous articular capsule in synovial joint
outer covering
capsule connects periostea above and below the joint together
capsule connects periostea above and below the joint together
synovial membrane in synovial joint
thin inner layer that secretes synovial fluid
juicy, squirty stuff that nourishes and lubricates structures
juicy, squirty stuff that nourishes and lubricates structures
articular cartilage in synovial joint
hyaline cartilage covering articular surfaces at bone ends
allows joints to slide easily
allows joints to slide easily
ligaments in synovial joint
bands of connective tissue running from bone to bone
include capsular, extracapsular, and intracapsular ligaments
include capsular, extracapsular, and intracapsular ligaments
articular disc in synovial joint
pad of fibrocartilage that alters the shape of one of the joint surfaces
bursa in synovial joint
synovial sac lying between skin or muscle/tendons and bone that prevents friction
infraspinatus
teres minor
laterally rotates arm
laterally rotates arm
supraspinatus
initiates abduction of the arm (w/ deltoid)
most commonly torn
most commonly torn
subscapularis
medially rotates and adducts arm
rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disorder that attacks joint structures
disease-fighting immune cells mistakenly identify parts of a person's body as foreign invaders
disease-fighting immune cells mistakenly identify parts of a person's body as foreign invaders
osteoarthritis
most common
wear of articular cartilage leads to bone-bone contact
wear of articular cartilage leads to bone-bone contact
gouty
uric acid crystals in joints
hinge joint
monaxial
flexion/extension
ie elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal
flexion/extension
ie elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal
gliding/planar joint
slight nonaxial or multiaxial
two smooth surfaces slide in a linear fashion over one another
ie acromioclavicular, claviculosternal, intercarpal, intertarsal, vetebrocostal, sacroiliac joints
two smooth surfaces slide in a linear fashion over one another
ie acromioclavicular, claviculosternal, intercarpal, intertarsal, vetebrocostal, sacroiliac joints
pivot joint
monaxial
rotation around a central axis
ie atloaxial, proximal radioulnar joints
rotation around a central axis
ie atloaxial, proximal radioulnar joints
condyloid (ellipsoidal) joint
biaxial
flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
circumduction
oval process of one bone articulating with the depression of another
ie. radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal joints
flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
circumduction
oval process of one bone articulating with the depression of another
ie. radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal joints
saddle joint
biaxial
the concave surface of one bone fits into the convex surface of another
ie first carpometacarpal joint (thumb)
the concave surface of one bone fits into the convex surface of another
ie first carpometacarpal joint (thumb)
ball and socket joint
triaxial
flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
medial/lateral rotation
circumduction
round head of one bone rests in the cup shaped depression of another
ie hip, shoulder
flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
medial/lateral rotation
circumduction
round head of one bone rests in the cup shaped depression of another
ie hip, shoulder
Muscle tissue functions
movement
posture/position
temp regulation
storage and movement of materials
supports soft tissue
protection
over 700 names skeletal muscles
posture/position
temp regulation
storage and movement of materials
supports soft tissue
protection
over 700 names skeletal muscles
excitability
responsiveness to stimulation
contractility
fiber shortening pulls on bones and/or moves specific body parts
elasticity
ability to return to its original length
extensibility
capability of extending in length in response to the contraction of opposing muscle fibers
Smooth muscle
involuntary- ANS, hormonally controlled
specialized for slow, prolonged contraction
fusiform: long spindle-shaped cell, each has nucleus
slow
propulsion
fibers do not branch
nonstriated
no t tublule, sarcomeres
loose network, bundles
specialized for slow, prolonged contraction
fusiform: long spindle-shaped cell, each has nucleus
slow
propulsion
fibers do not branch
nonstriated
no t tublule, sarcomeres
loose network, bundles
Cardiac muscle
wall of heart
involuntary- autorhythmicity: heart itself initiates heartbeat, ANS
short, branching, striated cells, 1-2 centrally located nuclei
intercalated discs
moderate
pump blood through circulatory system
y-shaped cells
composed of thick and thin filaments
involuntary- autorhythmicity: heart itself initiates heartbeat, ANS
short, branching, striated cells, 1-2 centrally located nuclei
intercalated discs
moderate
pump blood through circulatory system
y-shaped cells
composed of thick and thin filaments
Skeletal muscle
voluntary- PNS
long striated cells w/ multiple nuclei
fast
contraction for voluntary movements
muscle fibers
extend between bones and across at least one joint
long striated cells w/ multiple nuclei
fast
contraction for voluntary movements
muscle fibers
extend between bones and across at least one joint
sarcolemma
plasma membrane of muscle cell
regulates entry and exit
regulates entry and exit
sarcoplasmic reticulum
similar to smooth endoplasmic reticulum
stores calcium ions necessary for contraction
stores calcium ions necessary for contraction
contraction of smooth muscle
slow
resistant to fatigue
sustained for long period of time
ANS
when cells are stimulated, calcium enters from the interstitial fluid
change in Ca2+ level occur much more slowly
resistant to fatigue
sustained for long period of time
ANS
when cells are stimulated, calcium enters from the interstitial fluid
change in Ca2+ level occur much more slowly
contraction of cardiac muscle
autorhythmy: generation of a muscle impulse w/out nervous stimulation
ANS
most of calcium ions that stimulate contraction originate in the interstitial fluid that bathes the cell; stores fewer ions than skeletal muscles bc terminal cisternae are less developed
ANS
most of calcium ions that stimulate contraction originate in the interstitial fluid that bathes the cell; stores fewer ions than skeletal muscles bc terminal cisternae are less developed
contraction of skeletal muscle
excitation-contraction coupling: stimulation of a muscle fiber by a nerve impulse that results in a series of events that culminates in contraction
requires muscle innervation
requires muscle innervation
motor neuron
initiates the process of muscle contraction
neuromuscular junction
where the motor neuron transmits the effects of the nerve impulse to the muscle
sarcolemma
point where the neuron (knob of axon) meets the muscle fiber
plasma membrane
outer covering of the muscle fiber
controls entry/exit
plasma membrane
outer covering of the muscle fiber
controls entry/exit
motor end plate
specialized region of the sarcolemma with folds and indentations that increase the surface area covered by the synaptic knob
synaptic knob
expanded tip of the axon
meets the muscle at the motor end plate
contains synaptic vesicles which house molecules of the neurotransmitter, ACh
meets the muscle at the motor end plate
contains synaptic vesicles which house molecules of the neurotransmitter, ACh
AChE
acetochoinesterase
enzyme that breaks down the molecules of ACh to stop the ACh from continuously stimulating the muscle
enzyme that breaks down the molecules of ACh to stop the ACh from continuously stimulating the muscle
t-tubules
Transverse tubules
continuous with sarcolemma
invaginations of cell membrane
relay the electrical signals that trigger contraction
causes the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm
present in cardiac and skeletal muscles only
continuous with sarcolemma
invaginations of cell membrane
relay the electrical signals that trigger contraction
causes the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm
present in cardiac and skeletal muscles only
terminal cisternae
expanded ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum that are in contact with the t-tubules
epimysium
dense irregular connective tissue that envelopes entire muscle belly
perimysium
connective tissue septa that divides belly into compartments containing fiber bundles called fascicles
endomysium
fine connective tissue extensions of perimysium that envelop individual fibers
Titin
single protein
links z disc to thick filaments
help return myofilaments to resting position and keep them in place
links z disc to thick filaments
help return myofilaments to resting position and keep them in place
I band
only thin filaments
only thin filaments
H zone
only thick filaments
only thick filaments
A band
both thick and thin filaments
both thick and thin filaments
Tropomyosin
regulatory protein
double stranded; lying in groove between actin filaments
"blocks" binding sites on actin From myosin
regulatory protein
double stranded; lying in groove between actin filaments
"blocks" binding sites on actin From myosin
Troponin
enables contraction
regulatory protein- opens up binding sites on actin for myosin
binding site for calcium ions
when calcium binds, tropomyosin moves off of actin and allows myosin to bind
enables contraction
regulatory protein- opens up binding sites on actin for myosin
binding site for calcium ions
when calcium binds, tropomyosin moves off of actin and allows myosin to bind
Myosin
Thick filament composed of myosin molecules
heads bind to open actin sites forming cross-bridges and shortens the sarcomere
Thick filament composed of myosin molecules
heads bind to open actin sites forming cross-bridges and shortens the sarcomere
Actin
binding site3 for myosin
thin filament
double banded contractile protein
anchored to z disc
binding site3 for myosin
thin filament
double banded contractile protein
anchored to z disc
Fast muscle fibers
type IIb
large in diameter
white fibers; lack of myglobin
glycolytic; anaerobic
use up lots of ATP
fatigue quickly
majority of skeletal muscles fibers
large in diameter
white fibers; lack of myglobin
glycolytic; anaerobic
use up lots of ATP
fatigue quickly
majority of skeletal muscles fibers
intermediate muscle fibers
type IIa
oxydative
have greater resistance to fatigue
anaerobic
oxydative
have greater resistance to fatigue
anaerobic
slow muscle fibers
type I
red fibers; high presence of myoglobin
oxydative
contain many mitochondria
aerobic
greater vascular supply
smaller diameter
red fibers; high presence of myoglobin
oxydative
contain many mitochondria
aerobic
greater vascular supply
smaller diameter
areas with only fast muscle fibers
eye muscles
hand muscles
hand muscles
areas with mostly slow muscle fibers
posterior lower leg muscles
hand muscles
almost in continuous contraction to maintain bipedal, upright posture
hand muscles
almost in continuous contraction to maintain bipedal, upright posture
hypertrophy
increase in size
atrophy
decrease in size
myoglobin
give fibers red pigmentation
globular oxygen-binding, reddish protein
structurally related to hemoglobin
mostly present in slow muscle fibers
globular oxygen-binding, reddish protein
structurally related to hemoglobin
mostly present in slow muscle fibers
parallel muscle fibers
long, strap-like muscle with parallel fibers
ie biceps barchii, rectus abdominis
ie biceps barchii, rectus abdominis
convergent muscle fibers
fan-shaped muscle with fibers converging at tendon
ie pectoralis major and minor
ie pectoralis major and minor
unipennate muscle fibers
fibers positions along one side of the tendon
ie extensor digitorum
ie extensor digitorum
bipennate muscle fibers
many fibers positioned along both sides of the tendon
ie rectus femoris
ie rectus femoris
multipennate
short fibers positioned on numerous tendinous slips
ie deltoid
ie deltoid
circular
parallel fibers concentrically around a body orifice
functioned as a sphincter
ie obicularis oculi, obiculalris oris
functioned as a sphincter
ie obicularis oculi, obiculalris oris
fixators
special type of synergyst
stabilize the origin of the agonist by restricting movement in the joint
stabilize the origin of the agonist by restricting movement in the joint
isometric contraction
muscle length does not change, but the muscle is tensed
the tension produced never exceeds the resistance
ie pushing against the wall
the tension produced never exceeds the resistance
ie pushing against the wall
isotonic contraction
muscle tension is equal or greater than the resistance
muscle fibers shorten or lengthen
ie lifting a book
muscle fibers shorten or lengthen
ie lifting a book
concentric isotonic contraction
actively shorten a muscle
ie lifting a book out of your back
ie lifting a book out of your back
eccentric isotonic contraction
actively lengthens a muscle
ie place the book back into your back
ie place the book back into your back
anconeus
muscle acting upon the forearm and elbow
brachioradialis
muscle acting upon the forearm and elbow
supinator
muscle acting upon the forearm and elbow
pronator quadratus
muscle acting upon the forearm and elbow
palmaris longus
muscle acting on the wrist, hand, or digits
abductor pollicis longus
muscle acting on the wrist, hand, or digits
abductor pollicis brevis
muscle acting on the wrist, hand, or digits
extensor indicis
muscle acting on the wrist, hand, or digits
opponens pollicis
muscle acting on the wrist, hand, or digits
lumbricales
muscle acting on the wrist, hand, or digits
flexor digiti minimi
muscle acting on the wrist, hand, or digits
adductor pollicis
muscle acting on the wrist, hand, or digits
abductor digiti minimi
muscle acting on the wrist, hand, or digits
opponens digiti minimi
muscle acting on the wrist, hand, or digits
piriformis
muscle acting on the hip and/or knee
superior gemellus
muscle acting on the hip and/or knee
obturator internus
muscle acting on the hip and/or knee
inferior gemellus
muscle acting on the hip and/or knee
obturator internus
muscle acting on the hip and/or knee
quadratus femoris
muscle acting on the hip and/or knee
zygomaticus major
muscle that acts on head
medial and lateral pterygoid
muscle that acts on head
platysma
tense skin of neck
spinal nerves
31 pairs
extend from spinal chord
exit through intervetebral formina
extend from spinal chord
exit through intervetebral formina
sensory division of nervous system
afferent transmission
transmits info from peripheral to central nervous system
2 parts: somatic sensory and visceral sensory
transmits info from peripheral to central nervous system
2 parts: somatic sensory and visceral sensory
motor division of nervous system
efferent transmission
transmits info from central to peripheral nervous system
2 parts: somatic motor and autonomic motor
transmits info from central to peripheral nervous system
2 parts: somatic motor and autonomic motor
somatic sensory
touch
pain
pressure
vibration
temp
proprioception
pain
pressure
vibration
temp
proprioception
visceral sensory
transmits nerve impulses from blood vessels and viscera to CNS
temp
stretch
temp
stretch
somatic motor (SNS)
conducts nerve impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
autonomic motor (ANS)
innervates internal organs, smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands
2 parts: sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)
2 parts: sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)
astrocytes
help form blood brain barrier
regulate tissue fluid composition
support structure
replace damaged neurons
regulate tissue fluid composition
support structure
replace damaged neurons
ogliodendrocytes
myelinate the axon in CNS
microglia
defend against pathogens
remove debris
digest waste
remove debris
digest waste
ependymal cells
aid in production and circulation of CSF
Schwann cells
aka neurolemmocytesmyelinate and insulate PNS axons
glial cells
non-excitable cells
support and protect neurons
support and protect neurons
myelin
insulating sheath surround nerve cells
enables nerves to conduct impulses between the brain and the body
consists of a layer of protein packed between 2 layers of lipids
enables nerves to conduct impulses between the brain and the body
consists of a layer of protein packed between 2 layers of lipids
Soma
cell body
control center of neuron
receives, integrates, and sends nerve impulses
enclosed by plasma membrane
contains cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus
contains prominent nucleus- high metabolic activity
many mitochondria- high ATP requirement
control center of neuron
receives, integrates, and sends nerve impulses
enclosed by plasma membrane
contains cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus
contains prominent nucleus- high metabolic activity
many mitochondria- high ATP requirement
dendrites
short processes from body
may be single or multiple
receptive region of the neuron
conduct impulses towards the cell body to be processed (input)
more dendrites = more nerve impulses the neuron can receive
may be single or multiple
receptive region of the neuron
conduct impulses towards the cell body to be processed (input)
more dendrites = more nerve impulses the neuron can receive
axons
long cell precess
most neurons only have one
transmits nerve impulse away from cell body (output)
most neurons only have one
transmits nerve impulse away from cell body (output)
axon collaterals
side branches
telodendria
proecsses at end of axon
terminal branches
synaptic knobs: slightly expanded regions at tips of telodendria
terminal branches
synaptic knobs: slightly expanded regions at tips of telodendria
anaxonic
small, no anatomical cues that distinguish dendrites from axons
all cell processes look alike
all cell processes look alike
single process from soma divides to form axon
T shaped
longer part: peripheral, dendrite end
shorter par: central, telodentritic end
T shaped
longer part: peripheral, dendrite end
shorter par: central, telodentritic end
to processes arise from the soma
most common of neuron
multiple nerve cell processes extend from the soma
dendrites + axon arise from soma
typically many dendrites and one axon
multiple nerve cell processes extend from the soma
dendrites + axon arise from soma
typically many dendrites and one axon
endoneurium
delicate layer of loose connective tissue
perineurium
cellular and fibrous connective tissue layer that wraps groups of axons into bundles called fascicles
epineurium
superficial connective tissue covering
thick layer of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue encloses the entire nerve
provides both support and protection
thick layer of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue encloses the entire nerve
provides both support and protection
presynaptic neurons
transmit nerve impulses along their axonal membranes toward a synapse
postsynaptic neurons
conduct nerve impulses through their dendritic and cell body membranes away from the synapse
electrical synapse
ions pass through gap junctions between neurons from the presynaptic to postsynaptic cell
not very common in mammal brains
in humans, they occur primarily between smooth muscle cells
where quick uniform innervation is essential
also present in cardiac muscle at the intercalated discs
not very common in mammal brains
in humans, they occur primarily between smooth muscle cells
where quick uniform innervation is essential
also present in cardiac muscle at the intercalated discs
chemical synapse
neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron to receptors on the membrane of the postynaptic neuron
converging circuit
many presynaptic neurons send impulses to the same postsynaptic neuron
diverging circuit
many postsynaptic neuron receive impulses from the same presynaptic neuron
impulses get spread from one pool to many pools
impulses get spread from one pool to many pools
parallel and serial processing circuit
several neurons or neuronal pools process the same information at the same time
reverberating
uses a feedback loop to produce repeated cyclical stimulation of the circuit
once activated, the circuit will continue to function until the cycle is broken by:
once activated, the circuit will continue to function until the cycle is broken by:
- and inhibitory stimulus
- synaptic fatigue
encephalos
brain
rostal
toward the nose
caudal
toward the tail
prosencephalon
forebrain
divides into 3 parts: telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon
divides into 3 parts: telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon
telencephalon
endbrain
cerebrum
cerebrum
diencephalon
interbrain
includes thalamus
includes thalamus
rhombencephalon
hindbrain
divides into metencephalon and myenclephalon
divides into metencephalon and myenclephalon
metencephalon
afterbrain
cerebellum
cerebellum
myenclephalon
brain region most like the spinal chord
cerebrum
commonly called telencephalon
2 hemispheres
2 hemispheres
brainstem
includes midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
inferior extension becomes the spinal chord
inferior extension becomes the spinal chord
Grey matter
motor neurons and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and unmyelinated axons
includes neuron, soma, dendrites, telondendria w/ a small central canal
includes neuron, soma, dendrites, telondendria w/ a small central canal
white matter
composed primarily of myelinated axons and makes up the remaining areas, deep to the cortex
includes myelinted axons of ascending and descending neurons
includes myelinted axons of ascending and descending neurons
korbinian brodmann
performed experiments in the early 1900s to determine the functions of specific regions of the cerebrum
parkinsons's disease
stiff, frozen limbs and rigid muscles
slowness of movement
arises form dopamine depletion in the substantia nigra
slowness of movement
arises form dopamine depletion in the substantia nigra
huntington's disease
excessive motion and failing limbs
excess movement
arises from degeneration of caudate nucleus
excess movement
arises from degeneration of caudate nucleus
thalamus
relay station for sensory input to the cerebrum
hypothalamus
homeostatic control
endocrine regulation
endocrine regulation
epithalamus
houses the pineal glad (secretes melatonin to regulate sleep-wake cycles)
evolved from primitive vertebrate eye
evolved from primitive vertebrate eye
brainstem
centrally located in brain region
contains midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
contains midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
tectum
posterior to the cerebral aqueduct
includes superior and inferior colliculi which control the visual and auditory reflexes
includes superior and inferior colliculi which control the visual and auditory reflexes
tegmentum
integrates information relating to involuntary motor commands
subconscious motor control
modulates postural muscles
subconscious motor control
modulates postural muscles
pons
bridge between cerebellum and rest of the brainstem
carry fiber tracts from brain through to spinal chord
controls respiration
carry fiber tracts from brain through to spinal chord
controls respiration
medulla oblongata
continuous with spinal chord inferiorly
olive contains nuclei that relay sensory impulses related to proprioception
control of respiration and cardiovascular function (heart rate and vessel dialation)
olive contains nuclei that relay sensory impulses related to proprioception
control of respiration and cardiovascular function (heart rate and vessel dialation)
pia mater
deep, innermost of the three cranial meninges
thin delicate layer of connective tissue
adheres tightly to the brain and follows all contours of the gyri and sulci
thin delicate layer of connective tissue
adheres tightly to the brain and follows all contours of the gyri and sulci
arachnoid mater
between pia mater and dura mater
delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers
connects with dural sinuses via villi
between dura and arachnoid is the sudural space
deep to the arachnoid mater is the subarachnoid space; creates better cushion
delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers
connects with dural sinuses via villi
between dura and arachnoid is the sudural space
deep to the arachnoid mater is the subarachnoid space; creates better cushion
dura mater
tough, durable
most superficial
strongest of the meninges
comprised of two fibrous layers: periosteal (bone side) and meningeal (brain side)
sends downward projections that line and fill the spaces between brain parts (septa)
most superficial
strongest of the meninges
comprised of two fibrous layers: periosteal (bone side) and meningeal (brain side)
sends downward projections that line and fill the spaces between brain parts (septa)
cranial nerve I
olfactory nerve
transmits oflactory sensations to the brain
receptors located in the olfactory mucosa of nasal cavity
passes through cribiform of ethmoid bone
transmits oflactory sensations to the brain
receptors located in the olfactory mucosa of nasal cavity
passes through cribiform of ethmoid bone
cranial nerve II
optic nerve
special sensory nerve of vision
not really a nerve- brain tract
transmits visual stimuli from retina of the eye to the brain
passes through the optic canal of sphenoid
special sensory nerve of vision
not really a nerve- brain tract
transmits visual stimuli from retina of the eye to the brain
passes through the optic canal of sphenoid
cranial nerve III
occulomotor nerve
motor nerve to muscle of the upper eyelid and 4 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles
also carries parasypmathetic innervation to pupil (consriction) and lens (spherical for near vision)
passes through superior orbital fissure
motor nerve to muscle of the upper eyelid and 4 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles
also carries parasypmathetic innervation to pupil (consriction) and lens (spherical for near vision)
passes through superior orbital fissure
cranial nerve IV
trochlear nerve
motor nerve to one of the extrinsic eye muscles (superior oblique)
passes through superior orbital fissure
motor nerve to one of the extrinsic eye muscles (superior oblique)
passes through superior orbital fissure
cranial nerve V
trigeminal nerve
mixed motor and sensory nerve
three divisions:
mixed motor and sensory nerve
three divisions:
- ophthalmic (sensory from cornea, nose, forehead, scalp)
- maxillary (sensory from nasal mucosa, palate, gums, cheek)
- mandibular (sensory from anterior tongue, skin of chin, mandible, auricle of ear/motor to muscles of mastication)
cranial nerve VI
abducens nerve
motor nerve to one of the extrinsic eye muscles (lateral rectus)
motor nerve to one of the extrinsic eye muscles (lateral rectus)
cranial nerve VII
facial nerve
mixed motor and sensory nerve
motor to muscles of facial expression
special sensory (taste from the anterior 2/3 of tongue)
parasympathetic to lacrimal and submandibular/sublingual salivary glands
passes through external auditory meatus
mixed motor and sensory nerve
motor to muscles of facial expression
special sensory (taste from the anterior 2/3 of tongue)
parasympathetic to lacrimal and submandibular/sublingual salivary glands
passes through external auditory meatus
cranial nerve VIII
vestibulocochlear nerve
sensory nerve with 2 components
sensory nerve with two components
cochlear branch transmits impulses for hearing
vestibular branch conducts impulses for equilibrium
passes through internal auditory meatus
sensory nerve with 2 components
sensory nerve with two components
cochlear branch transmits impulses for hearing
vestibular branch conducts impulses for equilibrium
passes through internal auditory meatus
cranial nerve IX
glossopharyngeal nerve
mixed motor and sensory nerve
general sensation and taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue
motor innervation to stylopharyngeus muscle in pharynx
parasympathetic innervation to parotid salivary gland
passes through jugular foramen
mixed motor and sensory nerve
general sensation and taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue
motor innervation to stylopharyngeus muscle in pharynx
parasympathetic innervation to parotid salivary gland
passes through jugular foramen
cranial nerve X
vagus nerve
mixed sensory and motor nerve
sensory innervation from pharynx, larynx, hear, lungs, and GI tract to left colic flexure
motor innervation to muscles of pharynx and larynx
parasympathetic innervation to visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands of hear, lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and abdominal organs
passes through jugular foramen
mixed sensory and motor nerve
sensory innervation from pharynx, larynx, hear, lungs, and GI tract to left colic flexure
motor innervation to muscles of pharynx and larynx
parasympathetic innervation to visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands of hear, lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and abdominal organs
passes through jugular foramen
cranial nerve XI
spinal accessory nerve
motor nerve with 2 roots:
cranial root- travels with vagus nerve to pharynx
spinal root- innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
passes through jugular foramen
motor nerve with 2 roots:
cranial root- travels with vagus nerve to pharynx
spinal root- innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
passes through jugular foramen
cranial nerve XII
hypoglossal nerve
motor nerve that innervates intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
passes through hypoglossal canal of the occipital bone
motor nerve that innervates intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
passes through hypoglossal canal of the occipital bone
epidural space
lies between the periosteum and the dural mater
subarachnoid space
lies between arachnoid and pia mater
contains CSF and the nerve roots
contains CSF and the nerve roots
lumbar cistern
subarachnoid space between L1/L2 and S2 which does not contain spinal cord
denticulate ligaments
paired lateral extensions of the pia that attach to the dura along the length of the cord
conus medullaris
inferior tip of spinal cord
filum terminale
extension fo pia form conus medullaris which attaches to the coccyx
cauda equina
dorsal and ventral rootlets that eventually form spinal nerves
dorsal column
posterior
contains ascending sensory pathways
contains ascending sensory pathways
ventral column
anteriorpredominately descending motor pathways
lateral column
mixture of ascending and descending pathways
dorsal horn
posterior
soma of ascending sensory neurons
soma of ascending sensory neurons
ventral horn
anterior
soma of somatic motor neurons
soma of somatic motor neurons
lateral horn
soma of sympathetic motor neurons
only found in T1-L2
only found in T1-L2
dorsal ramus
small branch innervating epaxial (dorsal) muscles
ventral ramus
larch branch innervating hypaxial (ventral) muscles
mixed spinal nerve
contain both sensory and motor axons together
31 pairs
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
spinal chord enlargements
an increase in the diameter of the spinal cord where the limbs are innervated
cervical enlargement
lumbar enlargement
cervical enlargement
lumbar enlargement
brachial plexus
innerbation to upper extremity
C5-T1
musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar, and median nerves
C5-T1
musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar, and median nerves
musculocutaneous nerve
innervates anterior muscles of the arm
radial nerve
innervates posterior muscles of arm and forearm
ulnar and median nerves
innervate anterior muscles of forearm
lumbar plexus
L1-L4
femoral nerve and obturator nerve
femoral nerve and obturator nerve
sacral plexus
L4-S4
sciatic nerve
sciatic nerve
tibial nerve
innervates poterior thigh muscles
common fibular (peroneal) nerve
innervates all anterior muscles distal to the knee
obturator nerve
innerbates all medial/adductor muscles of the thigh
femoral nerve
innervates all anterior muscles proximal to knee
reflex arc
rapid automatic involuntary response pathways of muscles or glands to a stimulus
- stimulus- activates receptor
- transmission to CNS (spinal cord)
- processing by interneurons (polysynaptic)
- transmission to perphery via motor neuron
- effector responds to nerve impulse
About this deck
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj