bones/muscle

two intertwined strands
-string of globular (G) actin subunits
-each has active site that can bind to head of myosin molecule

-two intertwined proteins: heads generate movement by converting ATP energy to force; tails intermingle with other tails forming thick filament

connective tissue around muscle cells (muscle fibers)

connective tissue around muscle fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)

connective tissue surrounding entire muscle (very outer muscle layer)

attachments between muscle and bone matrix

thin filament

-links actin to transmembrane proteins and to endomysium
-transfers forces of muscle contraction to connective tissue
-genetic defects in dystrophin produce disabling disease muscular dystrophy

the segment of the myofibril from one z disc to the next

middle of the sarcromere-where all the myosin are

light band

dark bands

shrinkage of paralyzed muscle when connection not restored 

specialized sarcolemma containing junctional folds and ACh receptors; creates the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

instead of what would be called a synapse in the neuron; this is between a neuron and a muscle cell (fiber)

botox; botulinum toxin

cholinesterase inhibitors (pesticides)

terminal cisternae tubules and transverse tubule

ends of a long bone structure

middle section of a long bone structure 

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spongy layer in the cranium
-absorbs shock
-marrow spaces lined with endosteum

softs bones due to deficiency of calcium salts

brittle bone disease - due to lack of protein, collagen

the basic structural unit of compact bone

cartilage aligned along line of stress through the process of remodeling

general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone and small spces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone

hemopoietic tissue: produces blood cells; in adults, found in head, thorax areas, spine and pelvic areas

what red marrow turns into
no longer produces blood

osteogenesis: formation of bone

intramembranous ossification
and
endochondral ossification

direct, within membranes

indirect, replacing hyaline cartilage

muscles with internal tension production but no length change (maybe longer); external resistance causes it to stay the same length

muscle shortens with opposing force (tension is there)

muscle lengthens while opposing a force: maintaining tension while muscle does this

enyzyme that breaks apart the ACh so that the contraction is not continuous

a chart of the timing and strength of a muscle's contraction

a quick cycle of contraction with 3 periods; latent period, and contraction and relaxation phase

2 msec delay, excitation and excitation-contraction coupling and internal tension occur here (everything below the action potential needed to reach a full contraction of the muscle) period

the phase of the twitch cycle which builds tension on top of eachother, as more Ca+ is released, more contractions take place b/c more actin exposed to the binding sites since troponin release tropomyosin

ca++ is re-absorbed by the SR in this phase. when the nerve signal stops arriving at the nueromuscular junction so the synpatic knob stops releasing ACh, and ask that separates from its receptor AChE breaks it down and active transport pumps in the SR begin to pump CA from the cytosol back into the cisternae. as ca ions dissociates from torponin , they are pumped into the SR and are not replaced and troponmyosin moves back into posistion

this state of partial contraction that is continuously monitored by the central nervous system (which adjusts the length of resting muscles)

pattern of increasing tension with repetitive stimulation

a state of sustained fluttering contraction where a wave summation ocurs as a result of the less time (higher frequency) between each stimulation and the continuously increasing level of tension (which isn't allowed to fully go back to relaxation state) i.e. not all of the ca++ is able to return to the SR before the next stimulation occurs

twitches that fuse into a smooth, prolonged contraction which end in a fatiguing of the muscle b/c of the high frequency of stimuli

contractions of muscles that invovle movement 

contractions of the muscle that do not involve movement: just force equilibrium and opposition (where the force exerted from the muscle is exactly equal to the opposite of the force exerted by external factors)

metabolic process that yields little ATP and toxic lactic acid

metabolic process that produces a lot of ATP and less toxic end products of CO2 AND H20 and requires a continual supply of oxygen

system that occurs after aerobic respiration and before anaerobic ; uses two enzymes of myokinase and creatine kinase; creatine phosphate is taken combined with ADP by the creatine kinase to create ATP

enzyme that creates ATP with creatine phosphate

this by product of anaerobic respiration lowers the pH of sarcoplasm which can lead to muscle fatigue

the ability to maintain high-intensity exercise

heavy breathing continues after strenuous exercise due to this b/c there is a need to :
-replace oxygen reserves
-replenish the phosphagen system
-oxidize lactic acid (produced by muscles and enter into bloodstream)
-serve the elevated metabolic rate

individual muscle fibers that are
-red (hemoglobin - lots)
-slow-twitch
-abundance in mitochondria
-adapted for aerobic respiration and fatigue resistance

fibers that are
-"white" or low in blood/hemoglobin/capillaries
-low mitochondria, myoglobin
-rich in enzymes of phosphagen and anaerobic metabolism components
-adapted for immediate/fast/strenous work

this occurs when stronger contraction is required and activated by the nervous system

this type of arrangement of this particular part of the muscle is stronger than the parallel ones

a muscle resting at optimal length is prepared to contract more forcefully than a muscle that is excessively contracted or stretched

cardiac muscle cells

these join each myocyte

pacemaker cells that produce APs