Book Notes for Aug 27, 2010

FNS 370 Ch 1 part 1 nutrition: the schience of foods and the nutrients and other substances they contain, and of their actions within the body- including ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism, and exretion. foods: products derived from planst or animals that can be taken into the body to yield energy and nutrients for the maintenance of life and the growth and repair of tissues diet: the foods and beverages a person eats and drinks functional foods: foods that contain physiologically active compounds that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions phytochemicals: nonnutrient compounds found in plant-derived foods that have biological activity in the body phyto: plants energy: the capacity to do work. the body can convert this chemical energy to mechanical, electrical, or heat energy nutrients: chemical substances obtaied from food and used in the body to provide energy, structural materials, and regulation agents to support growth, maintenance, and repair of the body's tissues. nutrients may also reduce the risks of some diseases inorganic: not containing carbon or pertaining to living things organic: in chemistry a substace or molecule containing carbon-carbon bonds or carbon-hydrogen bonds. this definition excludes coal, diamonds, and a few carbon-containing compounds that contain only a single carbon and no hydrogen, such as CO2, etc -the 4 classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins, all contain carbon essential nutrients: nutrients a person must obtain from food b/c the body can't make them for itself in sufficient quantity to meet physiological needs: also called indispensable nutrients. about 40 nutrients are currently known to be essential for human beings energy-yielding nutrients: the nutrients that break down to yield energy the body can use: carbohydrates, fat, protein calories: units by which energy is measured. food's energy is measured in kilocalories kilocalorie:1000 calories = 1 kilocalorie (kcalories or kcal). One kcalorie is the amount of heat necessart to raise the temp of i kilogrm of water 1 C. msvtonuytirnydz; vstnohyftsyr, gsy, protein, body requires them in a large amount (many grams a day) micronutrients: body only requires small amounts (milligrams/smaller a day) joule: measure of WORK energy energy density: a measure of theenergy a food provides relative to the amount of food (kcalories per gram) vitamins: organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health minerals: inorganic elements. some minerals are essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health genome: the full complement of genetic material (DNA) in the chromosomes of a cell. in human beings, the genome consists of 46 chromosomes. the study of genomes is called GENOMICS nutritional genomics: the schience of how nutrients affect the activities of genes (nutrigenomics) and how genes affect the interactions between diet and disease anecdote: a personal account of an experience or event. NOT reliable scientific information. anekdotos: unpublished subjects: the ppl or animals participating in a research project experimental group: a group of individuals similar in all possible respectsto the control group except for the treatment. the experimental group receives the real treatment control group: a group of individuals similar in all possible respects to the experimental group excet for the treatmetn. ideally, the control group receives a placebo while the experimental group receives a real treatment randomization: a process of choosing the members of the experimental and control groups without bias placebo: pills of similar appearance and taste containing an inactive ingredient placebo effect: a change that occurs in response to expectations in the effectiveness of a treatment that actually has no pharmaceutical effects blind experiment: subjects don't know (are blind to) whether they are members of the experimental group (receiving treatment) or the control group (receiving the placebo). double-blind experiment: both the subjects and the researchers do not know which subjects are in which group correlation: the simultaneous increase, decrease, or change in two variables. if A increases a B increases, or if A decreases a B decreases the correlation is POSITIVE. (this doesn't mean that A causes B or visa versa). if A increases as B decreases, or if A decreases as B increases, the correlation is NEGATIVE (this doesn't mean that A prevents B or visa versa. Some third factor may account for both A and B hypothesis: an unproven statement that tentatively explains the relationships between two more variables peer review:a process in which a panel of scientists rigorously evaluates a research study to assure that the scientific method was followed theory: a tentative explanation that integrates many and diverse findings to further the undrestanding of a defined topic