BY 409L Final

Biology 409 with Wibbles at University of Alabama - Birmingham

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By: Pia Marie Cumagun
Created: 2011-11-24
Size: 118 flashcards
Views: 18

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Depolarization in AUTORHYTHMIC cells

Slow Na+ leak

In voltage-gated Ca++ channels, T-type opens briefly, L-type opens threshold, and Ca+++ causes rising phase of AP

Variable K+leak: channels open at positive potentials and close at negative potentials

continuous

Is the depolarization process in AUTORHYTHMIC cells continuous or not?

CO= stroke vol x rate

equation for cardiac output

by changing the behavior of the channels

how is the rate of autorhythmic cycling adjusted

slows closing of K+ channels

increased K+ permeability in SA node

decreased excitability of AV node, increased AV node delay

shortens AP in atrial myocardium

parasympathetic - decreases cardiac output

speeds closing of K+ channels

decreases K+ permeability

decreases AV node delay

increases Ca++ permeability in myocardium

sympathetic - increase CO

Interbeat Interval

Time between beats

P-R Interval or P-Q Interval

from the start of P wave to the start of Q wave, time for atrial depolarization ad contraction

P-R segment or P-Q segment

from end of P wave to start of Q wave (or R if Q is not easily seen), atrial contraction and AV node delay

Q-T Interval

From start of Q wave to end of T wave, time for ventricular depolarization, contracion adn repolarization cycle

cardiac output

vol of blood leaving the ventricle per min

viscosity and blood vol (salt/water balance - kidney fxn and interstitial fluid and blood)

Which takes time?

vasoconstriction and vasodilation and cardiac output

quick response

baroreceptors

mechanoreceptors in carotid and aorta

carotid and aorta

where are baroreceptors located

stretch of the artery

what do baroreceptors measure?

artery stretches less; BP increases to compensate

if P drops, what happens to the artery? Therefore what happens?

artery stretches more; BP decreases to compensate

if P increases, what happens

CO x total peripheral resistance

Mean Arterial Pressue caused by what?

Diastolic P + 1/3 Pulse P

MAP equation

No blood flows through the vessel

No sound is heard because of no flow

Whne cuff P is greater than 120 mm Hg and exceeds blood P throughout the cardiac cycle

Blood flow through vessel is turbulent when BP exceeds cuff P.

1st sound is heard at peak SYSTOLIC P

Intermittent sounds are heard as BP exceeds cuff P

When cuff P is between 120 mm and 80 mm Hg

Blood flows in a smooth fashion

the last sound is hear at min of diastolic P

No sound is heard b/c of uninterrupted flow

When cuff P is less than 80 mm Hg and below BP throughout cardiac cycle

Q wave

1st polarization of the septum

R wave

depolarization traveling down the septum

metabolic rate

total energy output per unit time

heat production and oxygen production rate

how is metabolic rate measured?

metabolic rate

O2 consumption rate and external work performed

Pulmonary ventilation rate and CO increases, as well as BP

what happens in order to deliver proper amounts of oxygen to muscles?

phosphagen system

ATP broken down to ADP to furnish energy within muscle fibers to facilitate muscle contraction

fast twitch glycolytic

primarily anaerobic; easily fatigued

fast twitch oxidative

can aerobic or anaerobic; not as easily fatigued

slow twitch oxidative

primarily aerobic; resistant to fatigue

anaerobic threshold

point where muscles have used anaerobic to sustain level of metabolism; can no longer use aerobic alone

oxygen debt

built up

respiration and heart rate remain increased after exercise to replenish body

oxygen debt

recharges phosphagen system

lactic acid ->pyruvic acid

phosphocreatine

donates energy to ADP to make ATP

1.3 -1.6 minutes

How long can anaerobic system be support muscle contraction?

anaerobic metabolism

glycogen -> glucose -> pyruvic acid and NADH (2 net ATP)

aerobic respiration

supports long-term muscle contraction

aerobic respiration

2 pyruvic acids are broken down in Kreb's and electron transport chain resulting in 34 ATP

CO2 and O2 respectively

what is produced in Kreb's and used in the electron transport chain

mitochondria cristae

where does electron transport occur?

mitochondria matrix

where does Kreb's occur

cytosol

where does glycolysis occur?

glyoclysis

Of glycolysis, electron transport chain, adn Kreb's, which is (are) utilize oxygen?

2 ATP

How many ATPs do glycolysis and Kreb's EACH yield?

How many ATP does electron transport chain yield?

glucose

what is the substance that's processed in glycolysis?

acetyl co a from pyruvic acid, which is from glycolysis

what is the substance that's processed from Kreb's

electrons from H+ ions from Kreb's

what's the substance that's processed from the electron transport chain

10 sec

phosphagen system can support muscle contraction for how long?

100 m dash or high jumping

The phosphogen system is involved in what type of sports?

anaerobic

involves glycogen-lactic acid system

tennis, soccer, 100 m swim, 400 m dash

what sports rely on anaerobic process

aerobic

during a flat run, what type of metabolism is used?

aerobic metabolism

what suports increase heart rate and respiratory rate?

increased respiration and heart rate

what replenishes the body with oxygen, recharges the phosphogen system, and converts accumulated lactic acid back into pyruvic acid

heat

byporduct of all the metabolic activity

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into and out of the lungs (ie. breathing)

pulmonary ventilation

allows from the movement of oxygen into the lungs and movement of CO2 out of the lungs

spirometry

measurement of air movement in the lungs

by combingin 2 or more of the lung volumes

how do you calculate pulmonary capacity?

tidal volume

volume of air inspired or expired during a normal relaxed breath

inspiratory reserve vol

extra vol of air that can be forcibly inspired over and beyond you TV (or normal breath)

expiratory reserve vol

vol of air that may be forcibly expired at the end of your TV

residual volume

amount of air left in the lungs after forced expiration; keeps alveoli partially inflated and prevents lungs from collapsing

minute respiratory volume

amount of air inspired or expired during 1 min of normal respiration

TV x RR

how to calculate MRV

total lung capcity

maximal amount of air the lungs can hold

TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV

How do you calculate TLC?

vital capacity

max amount of air that can be exchanged during forced breathing;

VC = ERV+ IRV +TV

vital capacity equation

max amount of air that can be expired after the lungs have been filled to their max extent

inspiratory capacity

amount of air which can be forcibly inspired after a normal expiration

IC = IRV + TV

inspiratory capacity equation

functional residual capacity

amount of air remaining in the lungs and airways following a normal expiration

FRC = ERV + RV

functional residual capacity equation

right and left AV valves

what prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria

diaphragm contracts

increase size of thoracic cavity

decrease in-cavity pressure

air moves into the lungs

quiet inspiration

diaphragm relaxes

lung elasticity recoils the lungs

decrease the size of thoracic cavity

increases in-cavity pressure

air forced out of the lungs

quiet expiration

forced inhalation/exhalation

uses more muscular force to move air in and out

CO2

what determines blood pH

SA node

autorhythmic tissue located in the wall of the right atrium

SA node

normally where the depolarization starts in the heart bc it spontaneously depolarizes faster than other conductive tissues

AV node

small region of CONDUCTIVE tissue at the base of the right atrium and connects with the AV bundle in the ventricles

AV node

delays the spread of the depolarization before it's transferred to the AV bundle

av bundle

conducts the depolarization into the ventricle and the down the intervetntricular septum to the apex of the heartp

urkinje fibers

rapidly conduct the depolarization up through the cardiac muscle of the ventricles

P wave

represents atrial depolarization

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

T wave

ventricular repolarization

PR segment

represents the AV Node delay

PR Interval

time between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization

AV valve and semilunar valve

what ensures unidirectional flow of blood in the heart?

allows blood to flow from the atrium into the ventricle

AV valve allows blood to flow in which direction?

ventricular systole

when is the 1st heart sound heard?

contraction

systole

relaxation

diastole

closing of the AV valves and opening of semilunar valves

what is caused by the first heart sound?

lub

what is the sound of the first heart sound?

dub

What is the sound of the second heart sound

during the ventricular diastole

when is the second heart sound?

closing of the semilunar valves and opening of the AV valves

what cause the second sound of the heart?

turbulence associated with rapid filling of the ventricles shortly after opening the AV valves

third heart sound caused by what?

caused by turbulence associated with the passage of blood from atria into the ventricles during atrial systole

4th sound is caused by what?

ventricular escape

when other tissues such as the Purkinje fibers take over and stimulate the contraction of the ventricles

increase in T increases your heart rate

how does T affect your heart rate

100-139 mm Hg

normal range of systolic pressure for resting adult

60-89 mmHg

normal diastolic pressure for a resting adult

pulse pressure

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

pulse pressure

what's directly related to the stroke vol of the heart and inversely related to heart rate and peripheral resistance

normal TLC; reduced VC and even more reduced FEV1; increased FRC and RV

what is affected in a person with obstructive lung disease?

obstructive lung disease

when the FEV1/VC is much lower than 80%

restrictive lung disease

FEV1/VC is usually greater than 80%

restrictive LD

disease where lungs are less compliant

obstructive LD

patient experiences more difficulty emptying the lungs than filling them

TLC, IC, and VC are reduced; FEV1/VC is normal 80% or higher

What is affected in people with restrictive lung disease

About this deck

By: Pia Marie Cumagun
Created: 2011-11-24
Size: 118 flashcards
Views: 18

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj