Cardiovascular Disease

Allied Health Sciences 3234 with Thompson at University of Connecticut

About this deck

By: Jamie Lynn Par�
Textbook:

Lifetime Physical Fitness and Wellness: A Personalized Program
Created: 2012-04-30
Size: 113 flashcards
Views: 3

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The 2008 cost of heart and blood vessel disease in the US is estimated to be at least ________

$475 billion

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

condition in which the arteries that supply the heart with O2 and nutrients are narrowed by fatty deposits, such as cholesterol and triglycerides

Peripheral vascular disease

narrowing of the peripheral blood vessels leading to poor circulation

congenital heart disease

not your fault - born with it. Heart/blood vessels don't develop properly before or at birth.

rheumatic heart disease

permanent damage to heart caused by rheumatic fever
-very uncommon now

atherosclerosis

fat buld-up in arteries (plaque)

Stroke

blood vessels to brain rupture or are clogged
"stroked out"

Hypertension (HBP)

chronically elevated bp

congestive heart failure

-end result of gradual loss of heart muscle due to blockage, infections, HBP.
-heart is irreversibly damaged
-death sentance- medicated to manage but with eventually die from it.

CVD accounts for nearly ___ % of all deaths in the US.

32%

What is the most prevalent degenerative condition?

CVD

How many people have heart attacks each year?

1.26 million

How many of the heart attacks that occur every year result in death?

more than 45% of the 1.26 million

Half of the deaths occur within how long after onset symptoms?

1 hour

What is the third leading cause of death in the U.S?

stroke

Stroke

-most significant contributor to mental and physical disability
-characterized by 7 of 11 risk factors being lifestyle related

How many stroke victims are there each year?

700,000

How many stroke victims die each year and what percent are left with a permanent disability?

143,600 die
33% are left with a permanent disability
(20% of survivors require institutional care)

Who has the highest prevalence of being a victim of stroke?

Men
AA's
Hypertension
Smokers

Signs of stroke

-numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg.
-confusion, difficulty in speech or understanding
-trouble seeing
-trouble walking, loss of balance, or coordination
-severe headache of unknown cause
(symptoms can make is seem like the person is drunk)

The decline in incidence of blood vessel disease is due to what?

health education

Prevalence of CHD

-prevalence of CHD has NOT changed, but deaths have declined, so ppl are just living through CHD

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

-major form of CVD
-arteries supplying heart muscle are narrowed
-may precipitate heart attack

What is the leading cause of death in the US?

Coronary Heart Disease

How many coronary bypass operations are performed each year?

500,000

How many angioplasty procedures are done each year?

1 million

CHD risk profile

-genetics
-lifestyle
-most risk factors are preventable

Coronary Bypass

-cannot inflate artery/vein so they will skip it and create an alternate route.
-take vein usually from leg and reattach it and reroute it around the chunk that is blocked

Angioplasty

-a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into clogged artery and inflates the vessel so blood can flow through.
-if person doesn't change habits then the plaque will continue to build up and will close the balloon

Signs of a Heart Attack

intense, prolonged chest pain
shortness of breath
sweating
nausea and vomitting
dizziness
weakness
irregular heartbeat

Heart attacks in women

-fewer than 30% reported having chest pain or discomfort prior to their heart attacks
-43% reported having no chest pain during any phase of the attack.

symptoms of a heart attack (women)

pain in :

lower jaw
neck
upper shoulders
rib cage

Physical inactivity is considered ___ of the ___ major risk factors for CVD

1 of the 6

What is the most influential risk factor regarding CHD?

physical inactivity

Physical activity controls what major risk factors?

-blood pressure
-body fat
-blood lipids
-HDL cholesterol
-counteract personal history
-diabetes
-inflammation
-heart function
-smoking cessation
-tension and stress

What are the five areas reviewed for an abnormal ECG?

-heart rate
-heart rhythm
-axis of heart
-enlargement of heart
-heart attack

Stress ECGs

-assess CR fitness levels
-screen individuals
-detect abnormal blood pressure
-establish maximal heart rate

Who should have a stress ECG?

-men >45; women >55
-ppl with 2+ CHD risk factors that want to participate in vigorous exercise
-any person with a heart problem who want to start exercising moderately or vigorously
-family history of men <55 and women <65 dying of heart related issue
-ppl with abnormal resting ECG

Abnormal ECG

-test accurately diagnoses CHD about 65% of the time.
-sensitivity increases with severity of disease

Blood lipids

Cholesterol & triglycerides are carried in bloodstream by protein

Proteins

-HDL
-LDL
-VLDL
-Chylomicrons

Chylomicrons

transport fat from its port of entry in the intestine to the liver and to adipose tissue

Increased risk for CHD:
-____total cholesterol
-____ LDL cholesterol
-____ HDL cholesterol

200 total
<100 LDL
> 40 HDL

Development of atherosclerosis may trigger what?

heart attack

Chest pain (angina) does not start until the arteries are about ____ % blocked

75%

In many cases, the first symptom of angina pectoris is?

sudden death

Total cholesterol recommendations

less than 200 mg/dl

LDL cholesterol recommendations

below 100 mg/dl

What speeds up atherosclerosis?

release LDL cholesterol that penetrates the lining of the arteries

Lipoprotein-a

-promotes plaque deposition and is elevated in 10% of population
-leads to premature formation of plaque.

HDLs will increase with

-aerobic exercise
-weight loss
-quitting smoking
-niacin
-drug therapy

Vitamin C

inactive free radicals

Vitamin E

protect LDL from oxidation

Trans fats

elevate LDLs as much as sat. fats.
-also increases triglycerides and lower HDL

Where do you primary find trans fats?

processed foods

Food labels

-FDA requires to list trans fat content
-'hydrogenated' and 'partially hydrogenated' are BAD!

What are some methods for lowering LDL cholesterol?

dietary changes
-fats- different types
-cholesterol
-fiber- 25-38 g per day
losing body fat
taking meds
regular exercise

NCEP guidelines

only go on drug meds after 6 months of low-fat diet

Triglycerides

-free fatty acids
-speed up formation of plaque in arteries
-carried in bloodstream by VLDLs and chylomicrons

How would you lower triglycerides?

-reduce overall fat consumption
-quit smoking
-reduce weight and aerobic exercise

Desirable levels of triglycerides

<150 mg/dl

LDL phenotype b

-genetic
-high tris and low hdl

Statin group

-can lower cholesterol by 60% in 2-3 months
-lower production of cholesterol
-increase liver's ability to remove cholesterol
-decrease triglycerides
-produce small HDL increases

What are three cholesterol lowering meds?

1. bile acid sequestrans- bind cholesterol in bile acids
2. nicotinic acid
3. fibrates- primarily lower triglycerides

Homocysteine

-amino acid
-possible contribution to plaque formation
-used to help build proteins
-typically metabolized quickly

Theorized toxicity of elevated homocysteine levels

-may cause damage to inner lining of arteries
-stimulate cell proliferation and plaque formation
-encourage clotting

What should a person eat to help prevent accumulation of homocysteine levels?

folate

What is a major risk factor for heart attacks?

inflammation

C-reactive protein (CRP)

levels elevate years before first heart attack

How do you test for inflammation of the blood?

high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP)
-probability of plaque rupturing

What type of plaque will most likely rupture and cause a heart attack?

soft plaque

What could be three risk facts for inflammation of the blood?

1. hard/soft plaque
2. excessive alcohol and protein intake
3. obesity

More than ____% of diabetics will die of CVD?

80%

Fasting blood glucose levels of _____ mg/dl or higher- diabetes

125

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

-type 1
-pancreas produces little or no insulin
-genetic predisposition
-inslin-injected, cannot be taken orally as it is a protein and would be digested

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

-type 2
-pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin or cells are insulin-resistant
-genetics and lifestyle factors
-treatment- weight loss, increase activity, oral hypoglycemic drugs

Majority of diabetes cases are what type?

type 2

What does the hemoglobin A1c test measure?

The amount of glucose in a person's blood over the last 3 months

What is the goal of the A1c test?

keep under 7% because it will lower risk of developing diabetic-related problems
-if >8, change the treatment
-take test twice a year

Metabolic syndrome

pancreas releases additional insulin

metabolic syndrome triggers a series of abnormalities:

ab obesity

elevated BP

high blood glucose

low HDL, high TGs

increased blood clotting mechanism

Blood pressure in someone with hypertension

140/90

prehypertension

120/80-139/89

The increase in hypertension is a result of what?

obesity epidemic and aging population

What is known as the "silent killer"

hypertension

Hypertension has an impact on what two organs?

eyes and kidneys

what is the percent of cases of essential hypertension?

90%

essential hypertension

has no definite cause

effective treatment of essential hypertension

-aerobic exercise
-weight reduction
-a low-salt/low-fat and high-K+/high-Ca++ diet
-lower alcohol and caffeine intake
-smoking cessation
-stress management
-antihypertensive drugs

pathological HTN

10%; caused by things such as narrowing of the kidneys arteries, adrenal gland tumors, or narrowing of the aortic artery

What are side effects of antihypertensive drugs?

-lethargy
-sleepiness
-sexual difficulties
-higher blood cholesterol/glucose levels
-lower K+ levels
-elevated uric acid levels

Dietary changes for pathological HTN

-eating at least 4700mg of K+ daily
-limiting Na+ intake to 2300 mg per day
-reducing body fat if obese
-moderate (40-60% intensity) aerobic exercise and resistance strength training exercise

What is one independent risk factor for CHD?

excessive body fat

what is the single largest preventable cause of illness and premature death in the US?

cigarette smoking

Cigarette smoking's link to CVD:

-destructive to arterial lining
-formation of blood clots
-decrease in HDL cholesterol
-raises blood pressure
-fatal cardic arrhythmias

How long after smoking cessation does CHD risk equal a lifetime nonsmoker?

10 years

How many years after cessation does cancer risk equal a lifetime nonsmoker?

15 years

Catecholamines

increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels

Tension and stress

-person's response to stress is the health hazard, not the stress itself!
-not being able to relax places constant strain on heart

heart disease is linked to:

-anger & hostility
-depression and isolation

How can physical activity help alleviate stress?

-metabolize excess catecholamines
-assists with muscular relaxation

Genetic predisposition for premature CHD

-heart attack before age 55 in males and 65 in females
-the younger the age of the incident, the stronger the genetic link

Does the incidence of heart disease increase or decrease with age?

increase

What are the factors related to the incidence of heart disease as we age?

-less physical activity
-poorer nutrition
-obesity

What are other risk factors for CHD?

-gum disease
-loud snoring
-low birth weight
-aspirin therapy

gum disease and CHD

-oral bacteria enter blood, contribute to plaque and clotting
-flossing daily is the best way to prevent gum disease

loud snoring

associated with greater risk of heart attack and stroke
-sleep apnea

low birth weight

less than 5.5 lbs

aspirin therapy and CHD

-recommended to prevent heart disease
-estimated that 32% decreased incidence of nonfatal heart attacks by aspirin preventing or dissolving clots

The AHA TLC diet

American Heart Association Therapeutic Lifestyle Change Diet for treatment of heart disease- this is for those with elevated cholesterol

DASH diet

-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
-if all americans followed the dash diet, predict decreases in CHD by 15% and CVA by 27%

About this deck

By: Jamie Lynn Par�
Textbook:

Lifetime Physical Fitness and Wellness: A Personalized Program
Created: 2012-04-30
Size: 113 flashcards
Views: 3

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj