Cartilage and Bone

Medicine Smd572 with Ream at Wright State University

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By: Elizabeth Markus
Created: 2011-01-25
Size: 128 flashcards
Views: 5

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In skeletal tissue, the two weight bearing tissue

cartilage and bone

Weight bearing tissues, cartilage and bone require unique arrangements to __________ and _____________ (pharases)

1. To deal with physical stress

2. Ensure adequate upkeep

In reguards to calcium, bone is_______ whereas cartilage __________

calicified; uncalcified

Aggrecan, chondronection, and no mineal component makes up the ground substance

cartilage

Chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, osteocalcin, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, hydroxyapatite, citrate, carbonate makes up the ground substance

bone

Collagen types: ____________ (bone) and ________ and _______ (cartilage

type I ..... type I (fibrocartilage) and type II (hyaline and elastic)

Blood vessels are _________ in cartilage and _____ in bone

absent.....present

Nerves are _________ in cartilage and _____ in bone

absent....present

Repair/regeneration capacity is ______ in bone and _____in cartilage

High....low

T/F mitosis takes place in chondrocytes and chondroblasts

FACT

T/F mitosis occurs in osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts and osteocytes?

mitosis occurs only in osteoprogenitor cells

In bone, how do osteroblasts and osteocytes communicate?

gap junctions

Do chondrocytes communicate?

No.

T3, T4 testerone, growth hormone, esterdiol, cortisone, and hydrocortisone all influence_______

cartilage

parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, estrogens, and androgens all influnce ______

bone

No nerve or blood supply, 75% water weight, firm gel, plastic properties, strong tensile strength

cartilage

Derived from mesenchyme, this tissue has a slow growth rate/slow turnover?

cartilage

Cartilage classifications:

Hyaline - no visible fibers, most common, prototype
Elastic - elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage - dense collagen fibers

WHat is the prototype for all cartilage?

hyaline

WHat cartilage is found at these locations?

Respiratory System: ying yong, trachea, bronchi, larynx, ribs (ventral), articualr long bones, fetal skeleton

Hyaline cartilage

_______________ is a large cells that sit in an individual space called a ____________________ . Cells divison causes these cells to cluster and sit together in a ________________. These cluster are surrounded by a darker stainging basophillic region called a __________________________

Chondrocytes. Primary lacunae, secondary lacunae/ cell nest/ isogenous group.

territorial matrix

This matrix is relatively homogenous in hyaline cartilage, and looks glassy as the name suggests. The prodominant collagen type here is_____

Type 2

_____________ acts like fibronection in that it has binding sites for collagen (here, type II) which is found in chondrocytes

Chondronectin.

The flexibility and resilience of this tissue enable it to acts like a shock absorber_____________. _______________ chains confer a net negative chage, which leaves lots of room for this molecule___________

Hyaline cartilage. GAGs. Water.

The sheath which encloses hyaline cartilage:_______________. The outer layer, known as the____________ layer has ____________collagen. The inner layer is the______________layer which contains stem cells and chondroblasts that undergo appositional growth. Only the first layer presists throughout life

perichondrium. fibrous. Type 1. Chondrogeneic

This type of cartilage has NO perichondrium

Articular

Covers the weight bearing bony ends of synovial joints.

Articular cartilage

Chondrocytes are arranged in this pattern: vertical rows know as__________ -______________. Found only in___________cartilage

epiphyseal plate. articular cartilage.

The development of hyaline cartilage occurs in four steps. Go.

1.mesenchyme

2. precartilage

3. secretion of new matrix

4. isogenous group

WHere does cartilage formation occur in the embryo? What collagen and GS are found here?

mesenchyme. type 3 and HA

The precartilage conatins ______ for _______________. GS and collagen?

centers for condrification. type 2 collagen. CS and KS

As the cells enlarge and differentiate, they secrete around themself a atrix in developing hyaline cartilage. ______________cells are traped in ___________ and gradually become___________.

chondroblats. lacunae. chondrocytes

Mechanisms of groth for hyaline cartilage (2)

Appositional growth

Interstitial growth

What mechanism of chondrocyte growth?

Growth within the matrix
mitosis of young chondrocytes - not in adults
expand via new matrix
cells divide in matrix

interstitial growth

What mechanism of chondrocyte growth?

chondrogenic layer of perichondrium
Cells divide and create new matrix - added to surface
- heal by scarring - fibroblast (liited by avascularity

appositional growth

Easy diffuion in cartilage can be attibuted to/

highly hydrated matrix - esp. hormones and vitamens

Hypovitamosis C leads to

scurvy

Which cartilage is located here?

Ear pinna, auditory tube, epiglottis, larynx

elastic

Resembles hyaline cartilage in that it has typ 2 collagen, but this cartilage________ is different because of high amounts of these fibers____________

elastic cartilage. elastic fibers

This type of cartilage does notcalcify

elastic cartilage

Location of this cartilage:

vertebral discs, pubic symphysis, tendon/ligament insertions

fibrous cartilage

Fibrous cartilage develops ___________ precursors into________________. It develops from this type of connective tissue______________.

Firbroblast. chondrocytes. dense regular

Type 1 collagen bundles in parallel rows characterize this type of cartilage. This also the only type os cartillage not to have a pericardrium

fibrocartilage

Bones have three main jobs. Go ahead.

1. MECHANICAL

2. Mineral homeostasis

3. Hemeostasis

How much of the body Ca++ does the skeleton contain? ____%. This is why it has a job in mineral homeostasis.

In what month does bone become the primary hemapoetic tissue?

5th month

The body or shaft of the bone is also called__________

diaphysis

_________ cartilage covers the ends of a long bone

hyaline

_________ covers the entire bone, except where the tendons attach

periosteium

The distal and proximal ends of a bone are also known as the

epiphesis

The portion of the bone in between the ends and the shaft

metaphysis

The two basic structure of bone are

spongy and compact

Cancellous or trabeculae bone is also called

spongy bone

The branching and anatomosizing spaces in spongy bone, occupied

trabecullae

Found at the core of the epiphysis of long bone, this bone type

spongy

This bone type lacks large trabecullae, also know as cortical bone

compact

______bone can be primary or secondary bone, _______ IS ONLY SECONDARY

SPONGY; COMPACT

Makes 80% of bone.. this type is very dense in the diaphyseal cylindar

compact

The bone matrix has two types of components

organic and mineral

osteoblast deposit ______, the non-minealized bone matrix

osteoid

Fibers making up the bone matrix are tropociollagen (type______) which makes up 95%osteoblast deposit, confers MOST of bone's tensile strength... so Larry can't tie it into knots

type 1 collagen. osteoid.

The Ground substance in the bone matrix is made of ______ and ________; the two main non cartillagenous proteins of the osteoid

chondrotin sulfate and osteocalcin

The mineal components of bone ________ and ______ form needle like crystals of ______

Calciun and Phospate. Hydroxyapatie

Cellular components pf bone come from two lineages:

osteoblast and osteoclast progeniotor pathway

In the osteoblast lineage, _________________cellls become_________ which become __________.

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes

In the bone marrow this gives rise to osteoclasts

osteoclast progenitor pathway

Even though osteoclasts and osteoblasts/cytes come from different cells line, all of these cells do/do not divide?

do NOT

From the outside of the bone to the inside, the order of cells is as follows ________ _______ _______ ________

osteoprogenitor cells. osteoblast. osteocyte. osteoclast.

These stem cells are found only in the endosteum and the periosteum, and are most active during periods of bone growth.

osteoprogenitor

This one cell thick layer of cells are the major bone forming cells ____________ and are simple cuboidal epithelium. They have high levels of this enzyme__________________.

osteoblasts. alkaline phosphatase

Once____________ finish secreating all of the components of the bone matrix, the becomes_________

osteoblasts, osteocytes

Type of bone cell which helps to maintain Ca++ levels via the fast exchange method. This method is also know as__________ _____________

osteocytes. osteocytic osteolysis.

During Osteolysis, the path of a non-crystalline Ca++ from the lacunar fluid to the blood stream. Which hormone stimulates this?

lacunar fluid --> osteocyte ---> gap junction--> osteoblast --> blood steam

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

There are three exzymes in osteoclasts, name them

carbonic anhydrase, acid phosphatase, cathepsin K

The function of this bone cell is ______________ which breaks down or _______________ bone

slow exchange; resporption

This bone cell has canaliculi which routes nutrients and oxygen for cell nourishment

osteoclast

________________this is the large, multinucleated cell is found in the endostium. It is in little depression made by an ice cream scoop called ________ ________. These cells have a very characteristic __________ boarder.

Osteoclast Howship's lacunae. ruffled

These enzymes found in osteoclast are lysosomal hydrolyases _____ and _________ degrade organic components of the decalcified bone matrix

acid phosphatase and cathepsin K

Parathyroid hormone and vitamen D regulate the ____________ activity of ______________ cells

bone resorbing; osteoclast

These bone cells ______________ have receptors for PTH which secretes M-CSF. The target for this secretion are _______________ cells which signals bone breakdown.

osteoblast.....osteoclast

Bone turn over is dynamic. It includes:

Modeling - adaptation to loading by changing size or shape
Remodeling - 100 day cycle

Osteoclasts break down bone
Osteoblasts reform bone

Plasticity - change in remodeling in response to stess

Regeneration - can repair self

What property of bone turnover?

Adapts structure to loading
changes size and shape - removes damage, maintains strength

modeling

What property of bone turnover?

Osteoclasts break down bone

Osteoblasts reform bone

Maintains mass shape and shape

remodeling

Accerlerates ossification of the epiphyseal plates

Hypervitamenosis A

Inhibits matrix synthesis and deforms architecture of epiphyseal plate; leads to scurvy

Hypovitaminosis C

Chondrocytes have normal progeny, but the matix is improperly calcified, which leads to rickets

absence of vitD (poor Ca++ and PO$ absorption)

Describe the pattern of bone matrix. Flattened rowss of__________ with _____trapped in lacunae throughout.

lamellae; osteocytes

Name the three lamellar arrangements; the pattern of bone matrix

1. Haversian system / osteon

2. Interstitial lamella

3. Circumferential lamellae

The Haversian system or osteon is composed of cylinders of_______ arr. in rings. The _____canal passes along the long axis of the bone; the _______canal passes perpendicular to this. The connections between the lacuna are _______. The _______ ----- surrounds the system.

osteons. Haversion; volkman's; canaliculi; cement line

The oldest lamellae of compact bone; old haversian systems

Intersitial

This lamella, _______________,has an outer layer which caontains ______________anchoring fibers with anchor the periostiuem to the bone and are produced by periosteum. The inner are produced by the________________ and encircle the marrow marrow cavity.

circumferential; sharpey's, endostieum

Fibrocelluar sheath covering bone, not on articular surfaces or where mucles attach.

periosteum

A monolayer of osteogenic, or osteoprogenitor calls, osteoblasts, and fin reticular fibers is collectively known as the

endosteium

Periosteium inserts into the bone matrix via_________ _________

Sharpey's fibers

All endostieum has two types of cells:

osteoprogenitor and inactive osteoblasts

4 blood supplies to the bione. Go

1. Periosteal arteries

2. Volkmann's canals

3. Nutrient artery

4. central or Haversian canals

Enteer the bone at diaphysis accompanied lymph, nerves through volkmann's canals

periosteal arteries

Divides into proximal and distal branches in the meduallry arterythat supplies both sponygy and compact bone

nutrient artery

Supplies the red bone marrow with the nutrient artery; enters at the metaphyses

metaphyseal arteries

EEnters at the epiphyses of a long bone and supplies the red bone marrow and bone tissue epiphyses

epiphyseal artieries

Three functional states of bone:

1. forming

2. resorbing

3. resting

A bone surface characterized by osteoid and covered by osteoblasts

bone forming surface

Surface which has howship's lacunae and osteoclasts nearby

resorbing

Bine surface which has no osteoblasts or osteroclasts

resting

Osteoblasts which cease to form bone matrix which lie on the endostieum

bone lining cells

Name the two phases of bone formation

matrix formation and calcification( or mineraliztion)

The hardness of the mineralized bne is mostly due to a mineal salt in the osteoid matrix called __________, a crystalline complex of _____and _________

hydroxyapitate; Ca++ and phosphate hydroxides

Enzyme involved in mineralization which is abundant and osteoblasts which brings about bine minealiztion by increase ca and po4

alakaline phosphatase

a glycoprotein in osteoid which binds to hydroxyapatite(vit K dependent/ vit D regulated) which stimulates bone remodeling/ chemoattractant to bone cells

osteoclanin

What do matrix vesicles do in the bine minearlizatioons process?

produced by osteoblassts, havd alakaline phosphastase which ppt hydroxyapiptate crystals which rupture the PM of the vesicle; the bone then begins to mineralize, but has a lag time of 10 days

WHich type of ossification?blastema --> spicules (osteoid secretion begins) __> trabeculae (bone now contains osetocytes)

interosseous

WHich type of ossification? Hyaline cartilage model

endochondrial

endochondrial ossification increases the bone in length by_______ growth and width by ___________growth

interstitial; appositioonal

When the bone becomes vascularized, ________ _____ forms a thin layer around the diaphysis with hyaline cartilage

collar of bone

In endochondrial bone development, what does the periosteal bud do?

Invades the center of the bone near diapheysel periosteium where the chondrocytes are dying and the cartilage martix is calcifying

Where is the center for primary offification located in the bone?

diaphysis

Naked spicules left by dead chondrocytes become a location for

bone matrix lattice

Where is the secondary center for ossification located?

in both epihyses,

epiphyseal plate

isolated strip of hyaline cartilage which increase in lengthbyt interstitial growth

In LM, dead calcified cartilage is ______ and the osteoblasts which surround it are_______

pale blue; bright pink

WHen bone grows toward the epiphyses

1. death of chondrocytes in core

2. apposition of bone on calicified cartilage cores

WHat is responsible or most of the growth of a long bone?

epiphysel plate

Components of the epipyseal plate, prior to birth beginning at the top of the

epiphyseal plate

zone of resting cartilage

zone of proliferation cartilage (intersitial growth)

zone of hypertrophying cartilage (acid phosphatase)

zone of calcifying cartilage matrix (dead or dying chondrocytes; matrix becomes calcified)

zone of ossification (where osteoid att. themselves to longitudinal spichules of calcified cartilage and become calicified)

How does the length of a bone increase, but the thicckness of the plate remain the same?

As the bone grows, mose of the spongy bone is removed from the diaphysis, and as new cartialage is added to one side of the epiphyseal plate, the other end undergoes endochondral ossification.

The first bone which forms, irreguardless of the age of the individual? (then what forms, characterise them both)

primary boneaka woven bone, no organized lamellated organization, more cells per area, more ground substance, only seen when bone is being remodeled, faster growing); secondary bone (organized lamellae, eosin staining, slower to form, majority in adult)

About this deck

By: Elizabeth Markus
Created: 2011-01-25
Size: 128 flashcards
Views: 5

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy