Cell

AP Biology with Morris at David Lipscomb Campus School

About this deck

By: David Morris
Textbook:

Biology (with CengageNOW, Personal Tutor, and InfoTrac 2-Semester Printed Access Card)
Created: 2011-01-23
Size: 39 flashcards
Views: 160

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Prokaryotes

Cells with no nuclear or internal membranes; ex bacteria

Eukaryotes

Cells with internal membranes such as lysosomes, vacuoles, and motochondria

Endosymbiotic Theory

Chloroplasts and mitochondria were formerly tiny prokaryotes that took up residence inside larger cells and stayed

Electron Microscope

high magnification; high resolution; SEM (scanning) and TEM (transmission); tissues are killed during preparation

Ultracentrifuge

spins liguefied cell homogenates at high speed, separating them into layers based on differences in density, a process called cell fractionation

Cell Organelles

Nucleus

Contains chromosomes (DNA) wrapped with special proteins into a chromatin network; surrounded by selectively permeable membrane that contains nuclear pores for the passage of large molecules like mRNA

Nucleolus

prominent region seen in the nucleus during interphase; where ribosome components are synthesized and assembled

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis; found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Membranous system of channels and flattened sacs that traverse the cytoplasm: rough ER- site of protein synthesis, smooth ER- synthesizes steroid hormones and other lipids, carries out various detox processes

Golgi Apparatus

Packages and secretes substances produced in the ER; lies near nucleus; consists of flattened membranous sacs

Lysosomes

Sacs of hydrolytic enzymes surrounded by a single membrane; principal site of intracellular digestion of macromolecules; carry out programmed destruction of cells; found in large numbers of phagocytic white blood cells

Peroxisomes

Contain enzyme that converts harmful H₂ O₂ to water; in liver cells, detoxify alcohol

Mitochondria

Site of aerobic cellular respiration, the process that generates ATP

Cristae membranes

Internal membrane of the mitochondria

Food Vacuoles

Formed by phagocytosis

Central Vacuoles

Found in mature plant cells enclosed in a specialized membrane called a tonoplast

Contractile Vacuoles

Found in freshwater protista; pump out excess water that diffuses inward because organisms live in a hypotonic environment

Plastids

Present in all living plant cells. Examples:

Chloroplasts- site of photosynthesis
Leucoplasts- store starch
chromoplasts- store carotenoid pigments; responsible for the red, orange, and yellow colors in plants

Cytoskeleton

Complex network of protein filaments that extends through cytoplasm and gives cells its shape and ability to move

Microtubules

Cytoskeleton; hollow tubes; make up cilia, flagella, spindle fibers

Microfilaments

Cytoskeleton; made of actin; help form cleavage furrow during cell division; enable amoeba to send out pseudopods

Cilia/Flagella

Appendages that protrude from eukaryotic cells for locomotion; arrangement of 9 pair + 2 singles of microtubules

Cell Wall

Found in plant cells; made of cellulose in plants and algae

Plasma Membrane

Selectively permeable; fluid mosaic model; consists of a lipid bilayer with proteins dispersed throughout; cholesterol molecules are embedded in the interior of membrane for stability

Passive Transport

Movement of molecules down a gradient from high to low concentration; no energy required

Facilitated diffusion

Molecules diffuse through membrane channels; passive transport

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a membrane

Active Transport

Movement of molecules against a gradient from a region of low to high concentration; requires energy (ATP)

Water Potential

Symbol is Greek letter psi = ψ; water moves across a membrane from solution with higher water potential to solution with lower water potential; addition of solute to water lowers ψ

A is hypertonic to B
B has higher water potential than A

Water will flow from B to A if the membrane between them is semipermeable

Plasmolysis

Cell shrinking due to a hypertonic environment for the cell.

Turgor pressure

The internal pressure that results from the hypotonic solution that plants often find themselves in.

Isotonic solution

Concentrations of the solutions are the same inside and outside the cell

Cell-to-cell communication; prevents leakage across a layer of epithelial cells in animals; adjacent cell membranes are fused, forming a seal

Gap junctions

Cell-to-cell communication; provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells in animals; large molecules can pass from cell to cell

Plasmodesmata

Channels (gap junctions) between cells in plants.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death brought about by signals that activate a cascade of suicide proteins

Desmosomes

Cell-to-cell communication; junctions function as rivets, fastening cells together into strong epithelial sheets in animals

About this deck

By: David Morris
Textbook:

Biology (with CengageNOW, Personal Tutor, and InfoTrac 2-Semester Printed Access Card)
Created: 2011-01-23
Size: 39 flashcards
Views: 160

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj