Cells: Fundamental Unit of Life Ch. 3

StudyBlue printing of Cells: Fundamental Unit of Life Ch. 3 html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; 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} ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } 1-31-11 Antony Van Leeuwenhoef 1st to get a really good microscope observations on scrapings from his mouth: "small animalcules whose motion was very please to behold..." father of microbiology rich cloth merchant from Holland Cell Theory Everything living is composed of cells cells are the fundamental unit of life cells that are small have a larger surface areas versus its volume thus making the ratio of SA to V gets larger ex. 6cm2 surface area, 1cm3 volume--> SA/V = 6; 24cm2, 8cm3 SA/V =3 thus they need to stay small in order to handle density exception: egg--> yoke, human nerve cells, etc. human body has anywhere from 10-100 trillion cells human body has 10x more bacteria cells in and on it than human cells most bacteria is benign unicellular organisms: single celled organisms (like bacteria) multicellular organisms: multiple cells (like us, plants, etc.) molecules and structures common to all cells : nucleic acids: DNA and RNA proteins ribosomes cytoplasm cell membrane family tree or evolutionary tree Cell membrane function (plasma membrane): the cells connection to the outside world; separate and communicate base--> phospholipid: has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophilic tail phospholipid bilayer a cell membrane is a sphere of phospholipids in two layers exterior and interior are hydrophilic while the inbetween is hydrophobic membranes are described as fluid mosaic fluid means that the molecules in the membrane move mosaic means there are a variety of different molecules additional molecules transport protein: allows large molecules to get through along with molecules that may be too hydrophilic or phobic to get through membrane on its own cholesterol help with membrane functions recognition proteins: identify cells binding site: receptor protein that picks up messages (how cell communicates) pigment- protein complex common in plant cells plant cells have an outer cell wall made of cellulose bacteria cells have cell walls and some have a capsule layer most that cause illnesses have capsule layer (way to hide from immune cells) 2-2-11 How Messages Get into the Cell?: Signal Transduction 1) Messenger- comes in the form of a molecule (ex. hormone) 2) 2nd Messenger- protein inside the cell 3) Cellular Response 4) Activation (in the form of protein (RNA) or gene (DNA)) Cell Types Prokaryotic simple cells (always single) 4-4.5 billion years ago (BYA) Domains Bacteria shapes Rod-shaped Round Corkscrewed-shaped simple and small more productive than complex cells Archaea live in hot, acidic, and/or salty places extremophiles: many are found in harsh environments use unique molecules to build cell walls, flagella... ex. of habitats: hot springs, acidic mine runoffs, guts of termites call prokaryotes lack organelles (organization) parts of the cell: nucleoid: circular DNA cytoplasm with ribosomes and RNA cell membrane cell wall flagella (on some) Eukaryotic Complex (can be single, but many are multicellular) 1.5 BYA have organelles in Eukaryotes parts (organelles) nucleus biggest and most obvious part of the cell has double membrane system--> nuclear envelope nuclear pores nucleolus- responsible for making ribosomes ribosomes not organelle structure thats important for making proteins ( with RNA) the endoplasmic reticulum membrane structure where molecules are made rough endoplasmic reticulum--> has ribosomes on it smooth endoplasmic reticulum--> no ribosomes on it; makes things other than proteins golgi apparatus prepares objects from endoplasmic reticulum figuring out where things need to go lysosomes digests what needs to be digested and recycle what needs to be recycle cell walls in plants do not allow for lysosomes to fuse in the cell wall (i.e. no lysosomes) vacuoles unique to plant cells "trash compactor" of the cell produce citric acids and pigments peroxisomes detoxifies H2O2--hydrogen peroxide chloroplast double membrane structure responsible for green in plants take sun and air and turn it into energy (glucose) only in plants mitochondrion (singular) take glucose and turn it into energy that can be used in both plants and animals has its own DNA Cytoskeleton part of the cytoplasm ("soup") a bunch of tubes/ tracks that give cells structure microtubules made of tubulin (protein) responsible for movement of substances both in and out of the cell microfilaments made of actin (protein) also involved with movements intermediate filaments made of many different types of proteins responsible for holding shape and resilience in cell structures Cilia Summary of components Animal Cell no cell wall no vacuole no chloroplast mitochondria Plant Cell cell wall vacuole no lysosomes cholorplast mitochondria Domain Eukarya Kingdoms: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protista 2-4-11 Special Eukaryotic Cells muscle cells (+ mitochondria) fat cells lipocyte: special cell for storing fat subcutaneous fat tissue found right under skin responsible for keeping warm females get more on hips and thighs visceral fat tissue males get more of this around their stomach leaf cells have hundreds of chloroplast in their cells root cells responsible to pick up water and nutrients Cell communication animal tight junction impereable anchoring (adhering) junction holds cells together gap junctions tubes allows cells to pass on molecules (transportation)