Ch. 1

Communication Disorders And Sciences 1331 with Rodriguez at Texas State University-San Marcos

About this deck

By: kylie korczynski
Textbook: Introduction to Communicative Disorders
Created: 2011-02-07
Size: 93 flashcards
Views: 40

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communication

exchange of info/ form of social behavior that affects actions of each participant

language (linguistic definition)

system of symbols and codes used in communication

language (behavioral definition)

form of social behavior shaped by verbal community

oral

spoken with words

non-oral

expressed through gestures, symbols, or both. (ASL)

5 parts of communication

voice, articulation, language, fluency, hearing

larynx

most important structure, located in neck, contains vocal folds

vocal folds

Pair of thin muscles and associated tissue that vibrate when air from lungs passes over them, they are the source of human voice.

tone

often more important than the content of what is being said

resonance

the modification the throat, mouth, nose makes on sound the larynx produces

articulate

what the tongue and lips do to the already modified laryngeal sound, without this we have no speech, just sounds of vibrating vocal folds

articulation

movement, movement of speech mechanism to produce the sounds of speech.

It is considered disordered if a person cannot correctly produce one or more of the phonemes of his or her language.

phonology

study of speech sounds and patterns to create words

phonetics

the production, perception, and classification of speech sounds

phone

single speech sound

phoneme

group of speech sounds

syllables

are either vowels or vowels combined with consonants

nucleus

The middle vowel in a word that starts and ends with a consonant.

speech

the production of phonemes; articulated sounds and syllables constitute speech

oral language

speech sounds organized into a higher level of words and sentences that generates meaning

non-oral language

manual signs are organized into a higher system of communication (ASL)

expressive

language that is produced; speaking is this

receptive

language that is understood; listening is this

linguistics

is the study of language, its structure, and the rules that govern that structure.

linguists

are specialists in linguistics

morphology

study of structures; in linguistics its the study of word structures

morpheme

smallest meaningful unit of a language; used to form words

"book"- considered a single ______ "books"- two ______.

although described as a phoneme, it is a ______ because it can be added or deleted from a word to change the meaning.

base or root morphemes

words that cannot be broken down into smaller units (and still remain meaning) but to which other morphemes can be added.

prefix

morpheme added at the beginning of a base morpheme

suffix

morpheme added at the end of the base morpheme

free morpheme

type of morpheme that can stand alone and mean something; all base or root words are _________.

bound morpheme or grammatical morphemes

type of morpheme that cannot convey meaning by itself; it must be joined with a free morpheme to do so. EX. "ed"-only means something when joined to a free morpheme

syntax

to join; is the arrangement of words to form meaningful sentences. Also it is a collection of rules that specify the ways and order in which words may be come combined to form sentences in a particular language.

Noam Chomsky (1950's)

suggested that universal rules of grammar apply to all languages, and that we are born with this knowledge.

Known as either the Transformational Generative Theory or the Government Binding Theory.

language competence ** Chomsky

perfect knowledge of the rules of universal grammar, which apply to all languages, this info available at birth.

Language performance ** Chomsky

the actual production of language. thought the speakers of a language know the rules the production may be imperfect because of fatigue and distraction.

surface structure (S-structure) ** Chomsky

Actual arrangement of words in a syntactic order

deep structure (D-structure) ** Chomsky

Primarily holds rules of sentence formation.

(grammatical) transformations ** Chomsky

Relates deep and surface structures and yields different forms of sentences. The process by which a speaker arranges words to change sentences. Grammatical ________ involve deleting, substituting, adding, rearranging words to change meaning.

transformational generative theory ** Chomsky

With the help of the rules of grammar and transformations, speakers can generate endless variety of sentences.

semantics

The study of meaning in language

semantic component

The meaning that words, phrases, and sentences convey

semanticists

The specialists that study meaning. They believe that meaning is the essence of language and communication.

content theory (of meaning)

phrases and sentences hold their meanings.

Problem: you should never not understand a sentence if you know the meaning of every word in it. EX. what did you do last night? you know the words but you may not understand the meaning of the question.

referent theory (of meaning)

The meaning of a word is the object, person, or event to which it refers.

Problem with this: Many words don't have a clear reference.

EX. sure, perhaps, & but.

cognitive process

Some state that meaning is a ____ ____.

EX. meaning of "chair" is not the object chair but the concept a person has about it. There are different types of chair but you still know that there all chairs. (that takes cognitive knowledge to figure out)

types of semantic category or semantic relations: semantic notion "possession"

EX. kids says "my hat". Kid understands the semantic notion of ______.

types of semantic category or semantic relations: semantic notion "nomination"

EX. kid who simply names objects. Understands semantic notion of ______.

types of semantic category or semantic relations: semantic notion "agent"

EX. kid says "daddy cut the grass". Kid understands semantic notion of _____ (person who did the cutting).

pragmatics

study of rules that govern the use of language in social situations. It places greater emphasis on the FUNCTION or (use of a language) then on its structure.

speech act

every utterance is a _____ _____. It used to be said that ____ _____, not morphemes, words, or sentences - are the basic units of communication.

instrumental (function of language)

we try to get what we want.

EX. "Could I have some water, please?"

regulatory (function)

we try to get others to do what we want them to do.

EX. "Do as I tell you"

interactional (function)

we engage others in social interaction.

EX. "Lets play tennis tomorrow"

verbal behavior *Skinner*

form of social behavior maintained by the actions of a verbal community.

functional unit or (verbal operant) *Skinner*

class or group of verbal responses that are produced under similar circumstances and receive similar consequences.

consequence- "reinforcer"

"+" event that follows a response, and makes response more likely in the future.

consequence- "punisher"

"-" event that follows a response, and makes response less likely in the future.

audience

relationship between listener and speaker. audience sets the stage for speech.

mand/ Ex. (physiological need)

is a functional unit (verbal operant) of verbal behavior that is caused by deprivation or need.

EX. thirst may stimulate speech "Do you have something to eat?"

mand/ Ex. (social need)

is a functional unit (verbal operant) of verbal behavior that is caused by deprivation or need.

EX. social needs may stimulate speech "How do I get to downtown from here?"

tacts

group of verbal responses that describe and comment on the thing and events around the speaker. These ____ are reinforced socially with a smile, nod of approval, or a similar statement. (conversation ofter made of this and intraverbals)

Echoics

are imitative verbal responses whose stimuli are the speech of another person. Reinforcement is based on a close resemblance between the stimulus and the response. (EX. teacher with student)-repeat after me type situations

Intraverbals

A group of verbal responses that are stimulated by the speakers own prior verbal responses. (conversation often made of this and tacts)

autoclitics

secondary verbal responses that help point out the causes of primary verbal responses.

Fluency

easy, smooth, flowing, and relatively effortless speech. to the listener it gives an impression of rhythmic flow. to the speaker, it feels easy to produce and requires less effort.

Prosody

Refers to variations in rate, pitch, loudness, stress, intonation, and rhythm of continuous speech. Includes the quality of both voice and fluency.

speech-language pathology

study and understanding of human communication and its disorders, and assessment and treatment of those disorders.

audiology

study and understanding of normal and disordered hearing, and the rehabilitation on individuals with hearing impairments.

Van riper's definition of disordered speech

Deviates from the speech of others, calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, and often causes distress in both the speaker and listener.

Problems with this def: its hard to determine how a speech disorder interferes or cause distress.

etiology

study of cause of diseases and disorders

organic disorders

cause by some defect in the neurophysiological mechanism of speech.

EX. a person who suffers from a stroke

(classified by etiology)

functional disorders or (idiopathic)

Those that are of unknown origin. They do not have a demonstrable organic or neurologic cause.

(classified by etiology)

Congenital disorders

Noticed at time of birth or soon there after.

(classified by age of onset)

Acquired disorders

When there has been a period of normal communication.

(classified by age of onset)

Descriptive classification

Classified by disorder. Voice, articulation, language, fluency, and hearing. (chart)

Aphonia

Total loss of voice. Rare but extreme disorder of voice.

Dysphonia

Includes all other types of voice disorders. May affect one or more aspects of voice. (either pitch, loudness, or quality)

Vocal nodules

small nodes that develop on the vocal folds and cause breathy and hoarse voice. (more common in children)

phonological disorders

errors of many phonemes that form patterns or clusters

type of articulation disorder??

motor speech disorders

Movement of the speech mechanism has been impaired due to nerve damage. Lips, tongue, jaw, and soft palate are not able to move swiftly and accurately to produce speech.

telegraphic

means they are missing such grammatical elements as articles, prepositions, and conjunctions. Contains mostly nouns and verbs, while omitting most other words.

Aphasia

When the left hemisphere of the brain is damaged, and there is a result in loss of language.

Dementia

Progressive disease in which patients slowly become confused and lose much of their memory of recent events. They are usually disoriented to time, place, and people. Eventually become unable to communicate altogether. (alzheimer's is a form of _____)

cluttering

(a variety of fluency disorder)

impaired fluency and rapid but disordered articulation, possible disorganized thought. talking super fast and speech becomes unclear.

stuttering

(a disorder of fluency) with excessive amounts or excessively long durations of dysfluency, which are often combined with tension, struggle, and related behaviors. EX. "t-t-t-t-time"

conductive hearing loss

Sound transmission from outer or middle ear to the inner ear is impaired.

sensorineural hearing loss

The inner ear, the auditory nerve that transmits sound to the brain, or both may be impaired. (often present at birth or hereditary)

otitis media

(a cause of conductive hearing loss) middle ear infection, due to cold, allergy, and other reasons. may cause inefficient transmission of sound to the inner ear.

otosclerosis

(a cause of conductive hearing loss) tiny bones of the middle of the ear do not vibrate normally because of soft spongy growth on them. sound is not efficiently transmitted to the inner ear.

anoxia

(a cause of sensorineural hearing loss-worse) lack of oxygen that can damage hearing mechanisms.

presbycusis

(a cause of sensorineural hearing loss-worse) reduced hearing of some older people; greater for higher frequency sounds than for lower frequency sounds

prevalence

number of individuals (or percentage of population) that currently have a particular disorder.

About this deck

By: kylie korczynski
Textbook: Introduction to Communicative Disorders
Created: 2011-02-07
Size: 93 flashcards
Views: 40

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy