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- University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Psychology
- Psychology 100
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- Ch. 13 : Psychological Disorders
Ch. 13 : Psychological Disorders
Psychology 100 with Cave at University of Massachusetts, Amherst
About this deck
By: Zachary Shaykin
Created: 2011-04-09
Size: 72 flashcards
Views: 22
Created: 2011-04-09
Size: 72 flashcards
Views: 22
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psychological disorder
- deviant, distressful, dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, actions
- dysfunction key to defining a disorder
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
- psychological disorder marked by appearance by age 7 of 1 or more of three key symptoms:
- extreme inattention
- hyperactivity
- impulsivity
- diagnosed 2/3 in boys than girls
- diagnosed children display delayed brain maturation
the medical model
- concept that diseases have physical causes that can be:
- diagnosed
- treated
- cured (in most cases)
- often through treatment in a hospital
the biopsychosocial approach: biological influences
- evolution
- individual genes
- brain structure/chemistry
the biopsychosocial approach: psychological influences
- stress
- trauma
- learned helplessness
- mood-related perceptions and memories
the biopsychosocial approach: social-cultural influences
- roles
- expectations
- definitions of normality and disorder
DSM-IV-TR
- the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- fourth edition
- updated text revision
- used for classifying psych disorders
- five axes
axes of the DSM-IV-TR
- axis 1 : clinical syndrome
- axis 2 : personality disorder or mental retardation present
- axis 3 : general medical condition
- axis 4 : psychosocial or environmental problems
- axis 5 : global assessment of person's functioning
the un-DSM
- diagnostic manual of human strengths
- assess six clusters of 24 strengths:
- wisdom/knowledge
- courage (overcoming opposition)
- humanity
- justice
- temperance
- transcendence
DSM criticism
- arbitrary
- labels bias perceptions and change reality
- people with disorders labeled negatively
anxiety disorders
- psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
- include:
- generalized anxiety disorder
- panic disorder
- phobias
- obsessive-compulsive disorder
- post-traumatic stress disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
- anxiety disorder characterized by:
- continual tenseness
- apprehension
- state of autonomic nervous system arousal
- 2/3 women
- anxiety is free-floating
- often accompanied by depression
- may lead to high blood pressure
panic disorder
- anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread
- person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, other frightening sensations
- 1/75 people
- smokers have double risk
phobia
anxiety disorder marked by persistent. irrational fear and avoidance of specific object or situation
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
- an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
- more common among teens/young adults
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- anxiety disorder characterized by:
- haunting memories
- nightmares
- social withdrawal
- jumpy anxiety
- insomnia that lingers for weeks + after traumatic experience
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) causes
- greater the emotional distress during a trauma, higher the risk for symptoms
- sensitive limbic system
- genes
post-traumatic growth
positive psychological changes as result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
perspectives on understanding anxiety disorders
- the learning perspective
- the biological perspective
understanding anxiety disorders: the learning perspective
- fear conditioning
- observational learning
the learning perspective: fear conditioning
- 58% people with social phobia experienced disorder after traumatic event
- two contributing learning processes:
- stimulus generalization
- reinforcement
- maintains phobias/compulsions after they arise
understanding anxiety disorders: the biological perspective
- natural selection
- genes
- the brain
- increased activity in anterior cingulate cortex
somatoform disorders
psychological disorder in which symptoms take somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
conversion disorder
rare somatoform disorder in which person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found
hypochondriasis
somatoform disorder in which person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
dissociative disorder
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, feelings
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
- rare dissociative disorder in which person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
- formerly called multiple personality disorder
- original personality denies any awareness of others
dissociative identity disorder (DID) : criticism
- extreme version of one's capacity to vary the "selves" we present
- very localized in time and space
- symptoms ways of dealing with anxiety
- form of PTP
- almost never reported outside US
dissociative identity disorder (DID) : approval
- distinct brain/body states associated with differing personalities
- shifting visual acuity and eye-muscle balance
mood disorder
- psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
- 2 principle forms :
- major depressive disorder
- bipolar disorder
major depressive disorder
- mood disorder in which a person in the absence of drugs or a medical condition experiences:
- two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods
- feelings of worthlessness
- diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
mania
mood disorder marked by a hyperactive wildly optimistic state
bipolar disorder
- mood disorder in which person alternates b/w depression and mania
- formerly called manic-depressive disorder
- 2/3 boys
understanding mood disorders
- many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression
- depression is widespread
- compared with men, women nearly twice as vulnerable to major depression
- most major depressive episodes self-terminate
understanding mood disorders
- stressful events related to work, marriage, close relationships often precede depression
- with each new gen, depression striking earlier and affecting more people
mood disorders: biological influences
- genetic predispositions
- changes in brain chemistry
- brain damage due to stress and other factors
mood disorders: psychological influences
- negative explanatory style
- learned helplessness
- gender differences
mood disorders: social-cultural influences
- traumatic/negative events
- cultural expectations
- depression-evoked responses
suicide rates by gender and age
- higher among men than women
- highest rates found in older men
explanatory style of depression
- stable
- global
- internal
vicious cycle of depressed thinking
stressful experience → neg explanatory cycle → depressed mood → cog/behavioral changes
schizophrenia
- group of severe disorders characterized by :
- disorganized/delusional thinking
- disturbed perceptions
- inappropriate emotions and actions
psychotic disorder
- psychological disorder in which person loses contact with reality
- person experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
delusion
- false beliefs that may accompany psychotic disorders
- beliefs often of persecution and grandeur
development of schizophrenia
- typically strikes young people maturing into adulthood
- no national boundries
- males struck earlier and more often
schizophrenia: positive symptoms
presence of inappropriate behaviors
schizophrenia: negative symptoms
absence of appropriate behaviors
chronic/process schizophrenia
slow-developing form of schizophrenia in which recovery is doubtful
acute/reactive schizophrenia
rapidly developing form of schizophrenia in which recovery is more likely
subtypes of schizophrenia
- paranoid
- disorganized
- catatonic
- undifferentiated
- residual
paranoid schizophrenia
- preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations
- often with themes of persecution or grandiosity
disorganized schizophrenia
- disorganized speech or behavior
- flat or inappropriate emotions
catatonic schizophrenia
- immobility or excessive purposeless movement
- extreme negativism
- parrotlike repeating of another's speech/movements
undifferentiated schizophrenia
many and varied symptoms
residual schizophrenia
withdrawal after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared
schizophrenia : brain abnormalities
- dopamine overactivity
- abnormal brain activity and anatomy
- maternal virus during midpregnancy
schizophrenia : genetic factors
- twins sharing placenta more likely to experience prenatal viruses
- mutations in dopamine and myelin producing genes
personality disorder
psychological disorder characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
schizoid personality disorder
personality disorder that expresses emotionless disengagement
avoidant personality disorder
personality disorder that expresses anxiety
histrionic personality disorder
personality disorder expressing attention getting
narcissistic personality disorder
personality disorder expressing self-focus and self-inflation
antisocial personality disorder
- personality disorder in which person exhibits lack of conscience of wrongdoing
- may be aggressive and ruthless or con-artist
- reduced frontal lobe activity
rate of generalized anxiety
3.1%
rate of social phobia
6.8%
rate of phobia of specific object/situation
8.7
rate of mood disorder
9.5
rate of OCD
1.0
rate of schizophrenia
1.1
rate of PTSD
3.5
rate of ADHD
4.1
rate of any mental disorder
26.2
About this deck
By: Zachary Shaykin
Created: 2011-04-09
Size: 72 flashcards
Views: 22
Created: 2011-04-09
Size: 72 flashcards
Views: 22
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis