Ch. 14 Terms
Microbiology 509 with Pradhan at Ohio State University - All Campuses
About this deck
By: Carolynn Boeh
Textbook:
Microbiology: A Human Perspective w/ARIS bind in card
Created: 2011-11-07
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 6
Textbook:
Microbiology: A Human Perspective w/ARIS bind in cardCreated: 2011-11-07
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 6
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Pathogens
disease-causing microorganisms
Pathology
scientific study of disease; concerned with etiology, pathogenesis, and changes brought about by the disease
Etiology
cause of disease
Pathogenesis
manner in which a disease develops
infection
invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
disease
infection results in any change from a state of health
normal microbiota/flora
microorganisms that colonize in the body but do not produce disease under normal conditions
transient microbiota
present for days, weeks, or months but then disappear
symbiosis
relationship between two organisms in which at least one organism is dependent on the other
commensalism
symbiotic relationship in which one of the organisms benefits and the other is unaffected
mutualism
symbiotic relationship that benefits both organisms
probiotics
live microbial cultures applied to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect
parasitism
symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits by deriving nutrients at the expense of the other
opportunistic pathogens
ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal habitat but may do so in a different environment
Koch's postulates: pathogen...
- must be present in every case of disease
- must be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture
- from pure culture must cause disease when inoculated into lab animal
- must be isolated from inoculated animal and shown to be original organism
symptoms
subjective changes in body function such as pain or malaise
signs
objective changes the physician can observe and measure in a patient
syndrome
specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompany a particular disease
communicable disease
disease that spreads from one host to another, either directly or indrectly
ex) chickenpox, measles, genital herpes, typhoid fever, tuberculosis
ex) chickenpox, measles, genital herpes, typhoid fever, tuberculosis
contagious diseases
diseases that are easily spread from one person to another
ex) chickenpox, measles
ex) chickenpox, measles
noncommunicable disease
disease not spread from one host to another; caused by microorganisms that normally inhabit the body and occasionally produce disease or microorganisms that produce disease only when in the body
ex) tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
ex) tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
incidence
number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular time period; indicator of the spread of the disease
prevalence
number of people in a population who develop a disease in a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared
sporadic disease
disease that occurs only occasionally
ex) typhoid fever in the US
ex) typhoid fever in the US
endemic disease
disease that is constantly present in a population
ex) common cold
ex) common cold
epidemic disease
many people in a given area acquire a certain disease in a relatively short period
ex) influenza
ex) influenza
pandemic disease
epidemic disease that occurs worldwide
ex) sometimes influenza, AIDS
ex) sometimes influenza, AIDS
acute disease
develops rapidly but lasts only a short time
ex) influenza
ex) influenza
chronic disease
develops more slowly, body's reaction may be less severe but disease is likely to continue or recur for long periods
ex) infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, hepatitis B
ex) infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, hepatitis B
subacute disease
disease that is intermediate between acute and chronic
ex) subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (rare brain disease characterized by diminished intellectual function and loss of nervous function)
ex) subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (rare brain disease characterized by diminished intellectual function and loss of nervous function)
latent disease
causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease
ex) shingles (caused by varicella virus)
ex) shingles (caused by varicella virus)
herd immunity
many immune people present in a community
local infection
invading microorganisms are limited to a relatively small area of the body
ex) boils, abscesses
ex) boils, abscesses
systemic (generalized) infection
microorganisms or their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lymph
ex) measles
ex) measles
focal infection
agents of a local infection enter a blood or lymphatic vessel and spread to other specific parts of the body where they are confined to those areas
ex) can arise from infections in areas such as teeth, tonsils, or sinuses
ex) can arise from infections in areas such as teeth, tonsils, or sinuses
sepsis
toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection
septicemia/blood poisoning
systemic infection arising from the multiplication of pathogens in the blood
bacteremia
presence of bacteria in the blood
toxemia
presence of toxins in the blood
ex) occurs in tetanus
ex) occurs in tetanus
viremia
presence of viruses in blood
primary infection
acute infection that causes the initial illness
secondary infection
infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body's defenses
ex) Pneumocystis pneumonia as a consequence of AIDS
ex) Pneumocystis pneumonia as a consequence of AIDS
subclinical (inapparent) infection
does not cause any noticeable illness
ex) Poliovirus, hepatitis A virus (can be carried by people who never develop the illness)
ex) Poliovirus, hepatitis A virus (can be carried by people who never develop the illness)
predisposing factor
make the body more susceptible to a disease and may alter the course of the disease
ex) gender (f = UTI; m = pneumonia/meningitis)
ex) gender (f = UTI; m = pneumonia/meningitis)
incubation period
interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms
prodromal period
Relatively short period that follows the period of incubation in some diseases. Characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease, such as general aches and malaise
period of illness
disease is most sever; person exhibits overt signs and symptoms of disease, such as fever, chills, muscle pain, sensitivity to light, sore throat, lymph node enlargement, and gastrointestinal disturbances
period of decline
signs and symptoms subside; fever decreases and mailase diminishes; patient is vulnerable to secondary infections
period of convalescence
patient regains strength and the body returns to its pre-diseased state; recovery has occurred
reservoir of infection
continual source of disease organisms; can be either living or inanimate object that provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival and multiplication and an opportunity for transmission
carriers
living reservoirs of infection that can harbor pathogens and transmit them to others without exhibiting any signs of illness
zoonoses
diseases the occur primarily in wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans
ex) rabies, lyme disease
ex) rabies, lyme disease
contact transmission
spread of an agent of disease by direct contact, indirect contact, or droplet transmission
direct contact transmission
person-to-person transmission; direct transmission of an agent by physical contact between its source and a susceptible host; no intermediate object is involved
ex) touching, kissing, sexual intercourse
ex) touching, kissing, sexual intercourse
indirect contact transmission
agent of disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of a nonliving object
fomite
any nonliving object involved in the spread of an infection
droplet transmission
microbes are spread in droplet nuclei (mucus droplets) that travel only short distances
ex) droplets in air from coughing, sneezing, laughing, talking that cause influenza, pneumonia, pertussis [whooping cough]
ex) droplets in air from coughing, sneezing, laughing, talking that cause influenza, pneumonia, pertussis [whooping cough]
vehicle transmission
transmission of disease agents by a medium, such as water, food, air, blood, body fluids, drugs, and intravenous fluids
vectors
animals that carry pathogens from one host to another
mechanical transmission
passive transport of the pathogens on the insect's feet or other body parts
biological transmission
active, complex process; transmission of a pathogen from one host to another when the pathogen reproduces in the vector
nosocomial infection
does not show any evidence of being present or incubating at the time of admission to a hospital; acquired as a result of a hospital stay
compromised host
resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns; two main conditions are broken skin/mucous membranes and a suppressed immune system
emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
new or changing disease, showing an increase in incidence in the recent past, or a potential to increase in the near future
epidemiology
science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations
descriptive epidemiology
involves collecting all data that describe the occurrence of the disease under study. Information about the affected individuals and the place/period in which the disease occurred
analytical epidemiology
analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause
experimental epidemiology
begins with a hypothesis about a particular disease and experiments to test the hypothesis are then conducted with a group of people
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, branch of the US Public Health Service, central source of epidemiological information in the US
morbidity
incidence of specific notifiable diseases
mortality
number of deaths from these disease
notifiable infectious diseases
diseases for which physicians are required by law to report cases of to the USPHS
morbidity rate
number of people affected by a disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population
mortality rate
number of deaths resulting from a disease in a population in a given period of time in relation to the total population
About this deck
By: Carolynn Boeh
Textbook:
Microbiology: A Human Perspective w/ARIS bind in card
Created: 2011-11-07
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 6
Textbook:
Microbiology: A Human Perspective w/ARIS bind in cardCreated: 2011-11-07
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 6
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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