Ch. 14 Terms

Microbiology 509 with Pradhan at Ohio State University - All Campuses

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By: Carolynn Boeh
Textbook:

Microbiology: A Human Perspective w/ARIS bind in card
Created: 2011-11-07
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 6

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Pathogens

disease-causing microorganisms

Pathology

scientific study of disease; concerned with etiology, pathogenesis, and changes brought about by the disease

Etiology

cause of disease

Pathogenesis

manner in which a disease develops

infection

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms

disease

infection results in any change from a state of health

normal microbiota/flora

microorganisms that colonize in the body but do not produce disease under normal conditions

transient microbiota

present for days, weeks, or months but then disappear

symbiosis

relationship between two organisms in which at least one organism is dependent on the other

commensalism

symbiotic relationship in which one of the organisms benefits and the other is unaffected

mutualism

symbiotic relationship that benefits both organisms

probiotics

live microbial cultures applied to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect

parasitism

symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits by deriving nutrients at the expense of the other

opportunistic pathogens

ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal habitat but may do so in a different environment

Koch's postulates: pathogen...

must be present in every case of disease
must be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture
from pure culture must cause disease when inoculated into lab animal
must be isolated from inoculated animal and shown to be original organism

symptoms

subjective changes in body function such as pain or malaise

signs

objective changes the physician can observe and measure in a patient

syndrome

specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompany a particular disease

communicable disease

disease that spreads from one host to another, either directly or indrectly
ex) chickenpox, measles, genital herpes, typhoid fever, tuberculosis

contagious diseases

diseases that are easily spread from one person to another
ex) chickenpox, measles

noncommunicable disease

disease not spread from one host to another; caused by microorganisms that normally inhabit the body and occasionally produce disease or microorganisms that produce disease only when in the body
ex) tetanus (Clostridium tetani)

incidence

number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular time period; indicator of the spread of the disease

prevalence

number of people in a population who develop a disease in a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared

sporadic disease

disease that occurs only occasionally
ex) typhoid fever in the US

endemic disease

disease that is constantly present in a population
ex) common cold

epidemic disease

many people in a given area acquire a certain disease in a relatively short period
ex) influenza

pandemic disease

epidemic disease that occurs worldwide
ex) sometimes influenza, AIDS

acute disease

develops rapidly but lasts only a short time
ex) influenza

chronic disease

develops more slowly, body's reaction may be less severe but disease is likely to continue or recur for long periods
ex) infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, hepatitis B

subacute disease

disease that is intermediate between acute and chronic
ex) subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (rare brain disease characterized by diminished intellectual function and loss of nervous function)

latent disease

causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease
ex) shingles (caused by varicella virus)

herd immunity

many immune people present in a community

local infection

invading microorganisms are limited to a relatively small area of the body
ex) boils, abscesses

systemic (generalized) infection

microorganisms or their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lymph
ex) measles

focal infection

agents of a local infection enter a blood or lymphatic vessel and spread to other specific parts of the body where they are confined to those areas
ex) can arise from infections in areas such as teeth, tonsils, or sinuses

sepsis

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

septicemia/blood poisoning

systemic infection arising from the multiplication of pathogens in the blood

bacteremia

presence of bacteria in the blood

toxemia

presence of toxins in the blood
ex) occurs in tetanus

viremia

presence of viruses in blood

primary infection

acute infection that causes the initial illness

secondary infection

infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body's defenses
ex) Pneumocystis pneumonia as a consequence of AIDS

subclinical (inapparent) infection

does not cause any noticeable illness
ex) Poliovirus, hepatitis A virus (can be carried by people who never develop the illness)

predisposing factor

make the body more susceptible to a disease and may alter the course of the disease
ex) gender (f = UTI; m = pneumonia/meningitis)

incubation period

interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms

prodromal period

Relatively short period that follows the period of incubation in some diseases. Characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease, such as general aches and malaise

period of illness

disease is most sever; person exhibits overt signs and symptoms of disease, such as fever, chills, muscle pain, sensitivity to light, sore throat, lymph node enlargement, and gastrointestinal disturbances

period of decline

signs and symptoms subside; fever decreases and mailase diminishes; patient is vulnerable to secondary infections

period of convalescence

patient regains strength and the body returns to its pre-diseased state; recovery has occurred

reservoir of infection

continual source of disease organisms; can be either living or inanimate object that provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival and multiplication and an opportunity for transmission

carriers

living reservoirs of infection that can harbor pathogens and transmit them to others without exhibiting any signs of illness

zoonoses

diseases the occur primarily in wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans
ex) rabies, lyme disease

contact transmission

spread of an agent of disease by direct contact, indirect contact, or droplet transmission

direct contact transmission

person-to-person transmission; direct transmission of an agent by physical contact between its source and a susceptible host; no intermediate object is involved
ex) touching, kissing, sexual intercourse

indirect contact transmission

agent of disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of a nonliving object

fomite

any nonliving object involved in the spread of an infection

droplet transmission

microbes are spread in droplet nuclei (mucus droplets) that travel only short distances
ex) droplets in air from coughing, sneezing, laughing, talking that cause influenza, pneumonia, pertussis [whooping cough]

vehicle transmission

transmission of disease agents by a medium, such as water, food, air, blood, body fluids, drugs, and intravenous fluids

vectors

animals that carry pathogens from one host to another

mechanical transmission

passive transport of the pathogens on the insect's feet or other body parts

biological transmission

active, complex process; transmission of a pathogen from one host to another when the pathogen reproduces in the vector

nosocomial infection

does not show any evidence of being present or incubating at the time of admission to a hospital; acquired as a result of a hospital stay

compromised host

resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns; two main conditions are broken skin/mucous membranes and a suppressed immune system

emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

new or changing disease, showing an increase in incidence in the recent past, or a potential to increase in the near future

epidemiology

science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations

descriptive epidemiology

involves collecting all data that describe the occurrence of the disease under study. Information about the affected individuals and the place/period in which the disease occurred

analytical epidemiology

analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause

experimental epidemiology

begins with a hypothesis about a particular disease and experiments to test the hypothesis are then conducted with a group of people

CDC

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, branch of the US Public Health Service, central source of epidemiological information in the US

morbidity

incidence of specific notifiable diseases

mortality

number of deaths from these disease

notifiable infectious diseases

diseases for which physicians are required by law to report cases of to the USPHS

morbidity rate

number of people affected by a disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population

mortality rate

number of deaths resulting from a disease in a population in a given period of time in relation to the total population

About this deck

By: Carolynn Boeh
Textbook:

Microbiology: A Human Perspective w/ARIS bind in card
Created: 2011-11-07
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 6

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
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