CH. 2 (PT. 2)
Microbiology 4402 with Reilly at Texas Tech University
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LECTINS
receptors and plasma proteins that recognize carbohydrates
MANNOSE RECEPTOR
cell-surface receptor on dendritic cells, macrophages, and other leukocytes that binds to mannose residues on the surfaces of pathogens
GLUCAN RECEPTOR
receptor on surfaces of macrophages and neutrophils that recognizes microbial carboydrates
SCAVENGER RECEPTOR
on macrophages and other cells bind to numerous ligands and remove them from the blood. The Kupffer cells in the liver are particularly rich in scavenger receptors.
BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS)
A major componant of the outer layer of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that activates Toll receptors on macrophages and other leukocytes as part of innate immune response.
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
the internalization into endosomes of molecules bound to cell-surface receptors. Antigens bound to B-cell receptors are internalized by this process.
ENDOSOME (OR PHAGOSOME)
intracellular vesicle containing material taken up by phagocytosis
LYSOSOMES
acidified organelles that contain many degradative hydrolytic enzymes. Material taken up into endosomes is eventually delivered to lysosomes.
PHAGOLYSOSOMES
A cellular body that is formed by the union of a phagosome or ingested particle with a lysosome that contains hydrolytic enzymes.
CYTOKINES
proteins made by cells that affect the behavior of other cells. Cytokines made by lymphocytes are often called lymphokines orinterleukins (abbreviated IL), but the generic term cytokine is used in this book and most of the literature. Cytokines act on specific cytokine receptorson the cells that they affect. See also chemokines.
TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLRs)
a family of pattern-recognition receptors in mammals that can discriminate between chemically diverse classes of microbial products, including bacterial cell-wall components; can elicit pathogen-specific innate cellular immune responses.
INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES
Pro- : Cytokines produced predominantly by activated immune cells such as microglia and are involved in the amplification of inflammatory reactions. These include IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a, and TGF-ß.
Anti- :Cytokines such as IL-10, IL-4, and IL-12 that are involved in the reduction of inflammatory reactions.
Anti- :Cytokines such as IL-10, IL-4, and IL-12 that are involved in the reduction of inflammatory reactions.
NUCLEAR FACTOR κB (NFκB)
The transcription factor made up of two chains of 50 kDa and 65 kDa. It is found under normal circumstances in the cytosol, where it is bound to a third chain called IκB, which is an inhibitor of NFκB transcription.
X-LINKED HYPOHYDROTIC ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA AND IMMUNODEFICIENCY (or NEMO deficiency)
condition characterized by developmental defects and immunodeficiency, caused by a defect in a component of NFκB signaling pathway.
INFLAMMATION
a general term for the local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and white blood cells that is initiated by physical injury, infection, or a local immune response.
IL-1
A protein produced by various cells, including macrophages, interleukin-1 raises body temperature, spurs the production of interferon, and stimulates growth of disease-fighting cells, among other functions.
IL-6
One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-6 is made mainly by some T lymphocytes. It causes B lymphocytes to make more antibodies and also causes fever by affecting areas of the brain that control body temperature. IL-6 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. IL-6 is a type of cytokine
CXCL8
A group of peptides produced by a variety of cell types, which activate and recruit polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the inflammatory process, and are probably involved in initiation of labor and delivery in pregnant women. Abbreviated IL-8.
IL-12
A heterodimeric cytokine that stimulates nonspecific cytotoxic natural killer-type cells to produce gamma interferon.
TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-α (TNF-α)
a cytokine produced by macrophages and T cells that has multiple functions in the immune response. It is the defining member of the TNF family of cytokines. These cytokines function as cell-associated or secreted proteins that interact with receptors of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family, which in turn communicates with the interior of the cell via components known as TRAFs (tumor necrosis factor receptorassociated factors).
CHEMOKINES
small chemoattractant proteins that stimulate the migration and activation of cells, especially phagocytic cells and lymphocytes. They have a central role in inflammatory responses.
NATURAL KILLER (NK) LYMPHOCYTES
Large granular, non-T, non-B lymphocytes, which kill certain tumor cells. NK cells are important in innate immunityto viruses and other intracellular pathogens, as well as in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS
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SYSTEMIC INFECTION
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SEPSIS (SEPTICEMIA)
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SEPTIC SHOCK
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NEUTROPHILS
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POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES
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PYROGENIC
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ADHESION MOLECULES
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SELECTINS
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MUCINS
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VASCULAR ADDRESSINS
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INTEGRINS
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IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY
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EXTRAVASTION
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WEIBEL-PALADE BODIES
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P-SELECTIN
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E-SELECTIN
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DIAPEDESIS
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HOMING
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AZUROPHILIC (or PRIMARY) GRANULES
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SPECIFIC (or SECONDARY) GRANULES
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NADPH oxidase
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RESPIRATORY BURST
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CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASES
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GRANULOMAS
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FEVER
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PYROGENS
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ACUTE-PHASE RESPONSE
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ACUTE-PHASE PROTEINS
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MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN (MBL)
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COLLECTINS
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C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP)
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PENTRAXIN
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C4
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C2
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CLASSICAL C3 CONVERTASE
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TYPE 1 INTERFERONS (or INTERFERON)
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INTERFERON-β (INF-β)
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INTERFERON-α (INF-α)
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INTERFERON RESPONSE
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INTERFERON-PRODUCING CELLS (IPCs)
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NATURAL INTERFERON-PRODUCING CELLS (NIPCs)
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PLASMACYTOID DENDRIC CELL
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NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NK CELLS)
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TYPE II INTERFERON (IFN-ϒ)
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NK-CELL IMMUNOGLOBULIN-LIKE RECEPTORS
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NK-CELL LECTIN-LIKE RECEPTORS
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