Ch 8

The practice of encouraging supposedly superior people to reproduce, while discouraging or even preventing those judged to be inferior from doing so.

French Psychologist Alfred Binet

Henry Goddard, despite warnings against using Binet's test to measure inherited intelligence. 

Tests designed to predict a person's capacity for learning

Aptitude tests for a person's capacity to learn

Tests designed to assess what a person has learned

The widely used American revision of the original French Binet-Simon Intelligence Test

Originally (ratio IQ) the ratio of mental age to chronological multiplied by 100

IQ = 100(MA/CA)

Today (deviation IQ) it is calculated by comparing how a person's performance deviates from the average score of her or his same aged peers, which is 100

The most widely used set of intelligence tests, containing both verbal and performance (nonverbal) subscales.

Standardized

The process of establishing uniform procedures for administering a test and interpreting its scores

The bell-shaped appearance when individual standardized test scores are placed in a graph. Most scores cluster around the average score, and fewer scores are found far from the average score.

The tendency for people's performance on IQ tests to improve from one generation to the next

The degree to which a test yields consistent results

The degree to which a test measures what it is designed to measure

The degree to which the items on a test are related to the characteristic the test supposedly measures

The degree to which a test predicts other observable behavior related to the characteristic the test supposedly measures

A statistical technique that allows researchers to identify clusters of variables or test items that correlate with one another

The supposedly existing underlying factor that Spearman and other researchers believed underlies all mental abilities.

Crystallized Intelligence (Piaget's theory of assimilation)

Gerdner's theory that there are at least eight distinct and relatively independent intelligences, all of which are differently developed in each of us.

Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, intra-personal, & (possibly) Existential

Individuals who easily master skills in one intellectual area

Mentally retarded individuals who demonstrate exceptional ability in one specific area.

Steinberg's theory that there are three sets of mental abilities making up human intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical.

The ability to recognize and regulate our own and other's emotions

A diagnostic category used for people who not only have an IQ score at or below 70, but also have difficulty adapting to the routine demands of independent living.

A form of mental retardation caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup.

A statistical coefficient, ranging from 0 to 1, that estimates the degree to which heredity determines intelligence within a particular human group

Siblings raised apart. This suggests that although IQ seems to be somewhat genetically based, enviromental factors play as much (if not more) of a role in comparing IQ scores.

Enviromental factors of identical twins before seperation, which points to why identical twins generally have similar IQ scores. These factors include: sharing the same placenta and amniotic sac in the uterus, etc.

The extent to which genertically determined limits on IQ may increase or decrease due to enviromental factors. I.e. the potential range for IQ based on genetic factors.

Steretypes seem to play a role in gender differences between males and femals as well as possible genetic differences. Women may do better on linguistic tests because they are encouraged to do verbal activities such as socializing with other girls. Males seem to do better in spacial tasks because they are encouraged to play sports.

Social upbringing seems to play a role in IQ development. An african-american child who is adopted from a lover-class family to a higher-class family seems to have an increased IQ over african-americans raised solely in low-income families.

People who freely come to a country in the hopes of opportunity and an increased living standard.

People who do not freely come to a contry, but rather are absorbed or forced to relocate due a past oppressing majority.

The recently immigrated Indian group would most likley score higher on IQ tests. This is because the Puerto Rican group encounters: 1) persisting negative cultural stereotypes within the dominant culture concerning involuntary minorities' intellectual abilities and 2) the self-protective defensive reaction many incoluntary minority members subsequently develop against the rejection mainstream culture.

The disturbing awareness among members of a negatively stereotyped group that might confirm the negetive stereotype as something that the personally possess.

The process by which someone's expectations about a person or group lead to the fulfillment of those expectations

1) Perceiver forms an impresson of th target. The first impression is "the prophecy". 2) Perceiver acts towards the target based on this first impression. 3) Target's behavior begins to correspond to perceiver's actions, fulfillinf the prophecy.

Students who did not differ intellectually from their peers, but were labeled as "potential bloomers" later received higher scores on IQ tests and improved schoolwork. The teacher created a warmer socioemotional climate for "gifted" students, provided "gifted" student with more feedback on their academic performance, challeneged the "gifted" students with more diffictul material, and the teachers provided "gifted" students with a a greater opportunity to respond to material presented in class.

People who believe that intelligence is fixed at birth.

People who believe that intelligence is flexible and malleable.

An entity theorist is more likely to loose motivation, give up, and therefore not learn from his/her mistakes. An incremental theoriest is more likely to work harder after making some mistakes and is more likely to try to learn from his/her mistakes.

The ability to produce novel, high-quality products or ideas.

Applying logic and conventional knowledge to arrive at (or converge upon) a single solution to a problem.

Pursuing many different and often unconventional paths to generate many different solutions to a problem.

Divergent, because the subject comes up with multiple different potential solutions to a problem.

Convergent, because the subject comes up with one solution based on logic and his or her knowledge.

They tend to have wide interests, like to work hard, are open to new expiriences, are risk takers, have at least modeate intelligence, and are willign to tolerate rejection.

Neural complexity, quickness, and efficiency.