CH.1-3

Psychology 401 with Cobbs at Virginia Commonwealth University

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By: omar nass
Created: 2012-02-15
Size: 66 flashcards
Views: 11

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facilitate or mimic the actions of NT

agonist

block or inhibit the action of NT

antagonist

interacts with receptors directly like morphine and nicotine

direct agonist

enhanced activation of receptor by increasing endogenous agonists, like cocaine blocks dopamine reuptake, ssri

indirect agonist

relates behavior to the activity of the brain/other organs

Physiological

describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influence of genes, nutrition, experience, and their interactions.

Ontogenic

reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior

Evolutionary

describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.

Functional

is a single strand chemical that can serve as a template/ model for the synthesis of proteins.

RNA

A _______gene shows its effect only in the homozygous
condition.

recessive

A ________gene shows a strong effect in either the
homozygous or heterozygous condition

dominant

sex-LINKED genes usually refer to _______ genes.

X-linked

______ genes are genes that are present in both sexes but mainly have an effect on one sex (Chest hair, breast size, etc.)

Sex-LIMITED

Function of Neurons

• Transduction of chemical signal to electrical signal.
• Integration of inputs and outputs.
• Conduct impulses over long distances.
• Communication.

_______ difference in charge across membrane when neuron is at rest.

Resting potential

_______ a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell.

Electrical gradient

______a difference in electrical charge between two locations. intracellular/extracellular charge.

polarization

Neurons communicate by means of ___

an electrical signal called the “action potential”.

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP):

–Entry of negative charges into the neuron.
–Less likely that a neuron will “fire”.
–“Hyperpolarization”.

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP):

–Entry of positive charges into the neuron.
–More likely that a neuron will “fire”.
–“Depolarization”.

Rapid depolarization and slight reversal of the usual polarization.

action potential

The level of voltage needed for the neuron to fire. and ~-55mV.

Threshold:

______ limit how often APs can be generated.

Refractory periods

When Na+ channels are open (~1ms). and Another AP is not possible.

Absolute refractory period

When the K+ channels are open (~2-4ms). and Another AP is possible ONLY with a “stronger than usual” stimulus

Relative refractory period:

AP is sent along the axon by “jumping” from one node of Ranvier to the next. Na+ ions that enter the axon “push” existing positive ions along the axon, regenerating the AP to the next node of Ranvier.

Saltatory conduction (in myelinated neurons)

.• Action potential causes the vesicle(s) to open.
• Neurotransmitter released into the synapse.
• Neurotransmitter locks onto receptor molecule in
postsynaptic membrane.

Neurotransmitter release

________is the belief that there are different kinds of
substance that exist independently.

Defended by French philosopher Rene Descartes.
Most common belief among non-scientists.
Rejected by most neuro-scientists.

Dualism

____serves as a model for the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA).

DNA

_____is a single strand chemical that can serve as a template/ model for the synthesis of proteins.

RNA

_______determine the development of the body by:
• forming part of the structure of the body.
• serving as enzymes, biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body.

Proteins

_______genes are genes that are present in both sexes but mainly have an effect on one sex (Chest hair, breast size, etc.)

Genes are located generally on the autosomal chromosomes
Both sexes have the genes but sex hormones activate them only in 1 SEX

Sex-LIMITED

sex-LINKED genes usually refer to _____ genes. (Example: Red-green color deficiency)

X-linked

More ___intracellular; more ____ extracellular.

K+, Na+

Plasma Membrane

Structure that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment.
made from a lipid bi-layer.
keeps most chemicals outside of the cell.

There are protein channels w/in the membrane that do allow the passing of some ions.
Molecules that carry no charge (O2, CO2) diffuse across the membrane W/O channel use.

Plasma Membrane

Found in all animal cells, except red blood cells. Contains all our chromosomes, i.e., DNA script.

Nucleus

The structure that performs the metabolic activity of the cell. Requires fuel and oxygen.

Mitochondria

Provides energy for the rest of the cell. The powerhouse!

Mitochondria

This is where new proteins are synthesized within the cell.

Ribosomes.

These proteins can be used as:

Building material for cells.
Facilitators for various chemical reactions.
Can be attached or free.

Attached ribosomes are found on the

endoplasmic reticulum

________ brings information to a structure. (sensory to the central nervous system)

Afferent axon

_______ carries information away from a structure. (motor to your muscles)

Efferent axon

Carry information between other neurons. Found only in the brain and spinal cord.

Interneurons

Dendrites

• Branching fibers that get narrower near their ends.
• Lined with specialized synaptic receptors.
• Information collectors.

DENDRITES

• Receives input from neighboring neurons.
• Inputs may number in the thousands.

The ______the surface area of the dendrite, the _____info it can receive.

larger, more

• Contains the nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, etc.
• It is a round, centrally located structure. Contains DNA.

The cell body (soma).

Soma is covered with _____on its surface.

synapses

Controls protein manufacturing. Directs metabolism.

soma-cell body

Thin fiber, tube-like. The cell output structure -- “information sender”.

Axon.

Transmits to either other neurons, glands, or muscle. Vertebrate axons are covered in what’s known as a myelin sheath.

Axon

Myelin sheath are Made by ________

oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells (glia)

__________are White fatty casing of an axon , Acts as an electrical insulator, Not present on all cells, and When present, increases the speed of neural signals down the axon.

myelin sheath

________ are The other major cellular component of the nervous system. Do not transmit information.

Glial cells

these Manufacture myelin. Support cells that assist neurons by providing structural support, nutrition, and removal of cell waste.

glial cells

3 types of glial cells _______ _____________ __________

Astrocytes.
Radial glia.
Microglia.

these glial cells are Star-shaped. Wrap around the presynaptic terminals of a group of
functionally related axons.

Astrocytes

this glial cells Helps synchronize these axons to send messages in “waves”. Help remove waste material due to neuronal death. Help control blood flow in brain to certain areas.

Astrocytes

this glial cells Guides the migration of neurons and growth of their axons and dendrites during embryonic development.

Radial glia

this type of glial cells are

Very small.
Major waste removal entity of the glia.
Function like part of the immune system.

Microglia.

this glial cells are Found in the brain and the spinal cord. Build myelin sheaths surround and insulate axons.

Oligodendrocytes.

A mechanism that keeps most chemicals out of the vertebrate brain.

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

these Glial cells are Found in the periphery (i.e., not in the brain or spinal cord). Serves as myelin on axons outside of the central nervous system (CNS).

Schwann cells.

Why do we have a BBB?

• To protect the brain from our immune system.
• BBB keeps out most viruses, bacteria, and harmful chemicals.
• Fallible system, and that’s why illness and disease that get into those areas are persistent…our immune system cannot get to them.

About this deck

By: omar nass
Created: 2012-02-15
Size: 66 flashcards
Views: 11

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis