ch.2 Flashcards

Anthropology 200 with Aubry at Ohio State University - All Campuses

About this deck

By: Sarah Ruth
Textbook:

Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology
Created: 2010-04-13
Size: 31 flashcards
Views: 39

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How did the theory of evolution come to be

In developing his theory of evolution by means of natural selection, Darwin drew on geology, paleontology, taxonomy and systematic, demography, and what is now called evolutionary biology
Scientists working in these disciplines had shown that

What was Darwin?s contribution to the theory of evolution

Darwin?s key contribution was the principle of natural slection.
Three obsercations and inferences allowed him to deduce that natural selection is the primary driver of evolution

Scientists working in these disciplines had shown that

Earth is quite old and has changed considerable over its history
Fossils represent the remains of once-living, often extinct organisms and thus provide a record of the history of life on the planet
Life evolves over time
Groups of related species provide insight into evolutionary history
The number of adults in a population tents to remain the same over time.

What has happened since Darwin in the development of our understanding of evolution

Gregor mendal discovered the principles of inheritance the basis for our understanding of how physical attributes...
Mendel?s revelation that attributes are passed as discrete units, which we now know as genes, laid the groundwork...
We now know that evolution- genetic change in a population or species- is caused by one or a combination of four...
We now know that each chromosome is an organism?s cells consist of DNA molecules. DNA is the blueprint for all...

Three obsercations and inferences allowed him to deduce that natural selection is the primary driver of evolution

The number of adults in a population tends to remain the same over time even though, for most organisms, parents tend to produce multiple and sometimes many offspring
Variations exists among members of populations
Individuals having variation that is advantageous for survival and reproduction increase in relative frequency over time.

Fossils

Physical remains of part or all of once-living organisms, mostly bones and teeth that have become mineralized by replacement of organic with inorganic materials.

Species

A group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring.

Habitat

The specific area of the natural environment in which an organism lives.

Adaptations

Changes in physical structure, function, or behavior that allow an organism or species to survive and reproduce in a given envirionment

Natural selection

The process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the envirionment, preferentially survive and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequency of those features in the population.

Adaptive radiation

The diversification of an ancestral group of organisms into new forms that are adapted to specific environmental niches.

Endemic

Refers to a characterritic or feature that is natural to a given population or envirionment.

Catastrophism

The doctrine asserting that cataclysmic events (such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and floods) rather than evolutionary process, are responsible for geologic changes throughout earth?s history

Genus

A roup of related species

Lamarckism

First proposed by Lamarck, the theory of evolution through the inheritance of aquired characteristics in which an organism can pass on features acquired during its lifetime

Gemmules

As proposed by Darwin, the units of inheritance , supposedly accumulated in the gametes so they could be passed on to offspring

Blending inheritance

An outdated, disreputed theory that the phenotype of an offspring was a uniform blend of the parents? phenotypes.

Gene

The basic unit of inheritance; a sequence of DNA on a chromosome coded to produce a specific protein

Allele

One or more alternative forms of aa gene

Dominant

Refers to allele that is expressed in an organiss pheontype an that simutainiously mask the effects of another allele, if another one I spresent.

Recessive

An allele that is expressed in an organism?s phenotype if two copies are present, but is masked if the dominat allele is present

Mendelian inheritance

The basic principles associated with the transmission of genetic material, forming the basis of genetics, including the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism; the combination of alleles for a given gene

Phenotype

The physical expression of the genotype; it may be influenced by the environment

Chromosomes

The strand of DNA found in the nucleus of eukaryotes that contains hundreds or thousands of genes

Evolutionary synthesis

A unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection

Population genetics

A specialty within the field of genetics; it focuses on the changes in gene frequencies and the effects of those changes on adaptation and evolution

Mutation

A random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organism

Gene flow

Admixture or the exchange of alleles between two populations

Genetic drift

The random change in the allel frequency from one generation to the next, with greater effect in small populations

DNA

A double stranded molecule that provides the genetic code for an organism, consisting of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and four tyes of nitrogen bases.

About this deck

By: Sarah Ruth
Textbook:

Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology
Created: 2010-04-13
Size: 31 flashcards
Views: 39

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj