Chap 11. Chap12.

polypeptides

aka mineralocorticoid
its effects are on salt (mineral) balance, mainly in the kidneys handling of Na, K, and H

aka glucocoricoids
have important effects on the metabolism of glucose and other organic nutrients. also, include effects on facilitation of the body's responses to stress

both in androgen class
functions similar to testosterone
play roles in adult females and in both sexes in the fetus and at puberty

testes

• androgen (testosterone)

ovaries

• estrogen (estradoil)
• pregesterone (menstrual cycle and pregnancy)

female sex hormone
secreted by the ovaries

important for uterine maturation during menstrual cycle and for maintaining a pregnancy

derivatives of cholesterol
produced by adrenal cortex and gonads

oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

involved in milk production reflex of nursing mothers and emotional bonding and uterine contractions

involved in regulation of water balance and osmolarity

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
growth hormone (GH)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
prolactin
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

gamete production in testes and ovaries

sex hormone production (testosterone

growth and metabolism
most cells in body

secretes in thyroid

milk production in breasts

secretes cortisol (stress hormone)

atria .... ventricle

1. signal starts in the SA node
2. internodal pathway
3. AV node
4. AV bundle
5. purkinji fibers
   

SA node

atrial depolarization

ventricular depolarization

ventricular repolarization

contraction.... relaxation

no blood is flowing because of pressure in ventricle is less then aorta. both valves are closed

pressure in the ventricle is greater then aorta so valve is opened

volume of blood that is ejected from each ventricle during systolic phase

both valves are closed and no blood is entering the ventricle

occurs as the blood flows from the aorta

abnormal heart sounds
normal it is "lub" "dub"

CO = HR x SV

the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute

SV = EDV - ESV

the volume of blood in the ventricles just before contraction

the arterial pressure against which the ventricle pump

relationship between the stroke volume and end diastolic volume
as one goes up, so does the other

EF = SV/EDV

defined as the ratio between stroke volume and end diastolic volume

arteries

• elastic arteries
• muscular arteries
• arterioles
• capillaries

veins

• veinules
  

ex: aorta
large lumen vessels that contain more elastin than muscular arteries

deliver blood to specific organs

the difference in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure

smallest arteries
controlled by neural, hormonal, and local chemicals

f=change in P/R

the automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to that tissues requirement at any instant                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

causes casodilation and is critical to proper vessel tone

found on skin, few wholes, strongest

more permeable, holes through then

most permeable, holes called sinuses, large materials can pass

oxygen.... carbon dioxide

diffusion

• for nutrients, oxygen, and metabolic end products
  

vesicle transport

• for proteins like hormones
  

bulk flow

hydrostatic pressure- force exerted by the fluid pressing against a wall

osmotic pressure- force that opposes the hydrostatic pressure

respiratory pump- due to breathing

muscular pump- muscles squeeze the veins

detect changes in blood pressure

integrating

platelet plug

thrombus

fibrinogen...... fibron

plasmin.... fibrin