Chapter 1 & 2
Psychology 111 with Grayson at University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
About this deck
By: Elaine Goetz
Created: 2010-12-15
Size: 36 flashcards
Views: 150
Created: 2010-12-15
Size: 36 flashcards
Views: 150
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis
Sign up (free) to study this.
Perspective on psychology
Psychodynamic-Focus on the unconscious
behaviorist-Observable behavior
humanistic-Individuals ability to make rational choices and developing to max potential
cognitive-Human though and process of knowing and thinking, behavior occurs because people thing
biological-Function of genes, brain, nervous sytem, and endocrine system
evolutionary-Behavioral and mental adaptiveness
sociocultural-Cross-cultural differences in causes and consequences of behavior.
behaviorist-Observable behavior
humanistic-Individuals ability to make rational choices and developing to max potential
cognitive-Human though and process of knowing and thinking, behavior occurs because people thing
biological-Function of genes, brain, nervous sytem, and endocrine system
evolutionary-Behavioral and mental adaptiveness
sociocultural-Cross-cultural differences in causes and consequences of behavior.
Basic principles of critical thinking
Extraordinary claims-The more a claim contradicts what we know, the more evidence we need to prove it true
Falsifiablility-Claims must be capable of being disproved.
Occam's Razor-Generally should pick the simpler explanation
Replicability-Finding must be capable of being duplicated by other researchers using the same techniques
Ruling out Rival Hypotheses
Correlation v. Causation-Two things that are associated with each other doesn't mean that one causes the other.
Falsifiablility-Claims must be capable of being disproved.
Occam's Razor-Generally should pick the simpler explanation
Replicability-Finding must be capable of being duplicated by other researchers using the same techniques
Ruling out Rival Hypotheses
Correlation v. Causation-Two things that are associated with each other doesn't mean that one causes the other.
Psychological Pseudoscience
Overuse of ad hock immunizing hypothesis-Escaping loopholes to protect from falsification.
Lack of self-correction-Incorrect claims never seem to go away
Exaggerated claims-Tend to promise remarkable or dramatic cure but rarely deliver.
Overreliance on anecdotes-"I know a person who..."
Evasion of peer review-Bypass the process of getting others to screen the work of their colleagues.
Absense of connectivity- Not cumulative research
Psychobabble-Language that sounds highly scientific that impresses
Lack of self-correction-Incorrect claims never seem to go away
Exaggerated claims-Tend to promise remarkable or dramatic cure but rarely deliver.
Overreliance on anecdotes-"I know a person who..."
Evasion of peer review-Bypass the process of getting others to screen the work of their colleagues.
Absense of connectivity- Not cumulative research
Psychobabble-Language that sounds highly scientific that impresses
Naturalistic observation
Watching behavior in real world settings. High in external validity-the extent to which we can generalize findings in real world settings. Good for observing animals and people and how they act in the real world.
Case studies
Research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period. Can help provide existence proofs-demonstrations that a given psychological phenomenon can occur. Also provide an opportunity to study rare or unusual phenomenon.
Correlation designs
Research design that examine the extent to which two variables are associated. Can tell when two variables are related, but that does not necessarily mean that one caused the other.
Experimental designs
Research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable. They permit cause and effect inferences.
Self-report measures
Questionnaires to assess a variety of characteristics, such as personality traits, mental illnesses, and interests. Easy to administer.
Correlations
Positive-As one value goes up, the other value goes up
Negative-When the value of one goes up, the other goes down
Zero-No correlation, variables don't go together.
Negative-When the value of one goes up, the other goes down
Zero-No correlation, variables don't go together.
Basic characteristics of experimental design
The experimenter randomly sorts participants into one of two groups(experimental group and control group). Then they manipulate the independent variable. Permits us to infer cause and effects relationships. Some limitations are the placebo effect, the nocebo effect(harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm), the experimenter expectancy effect(researchers lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study), and the hawthorne effect
Independent variable
Variable that an experimenter manipulates
Dependent variable
Variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect.
Confounding variables
Difference between the experimental and control groups other than the independent variable.
Random assignment
Randomly sorting participants into two groups.
Random selection
Procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal change of being chosen to participate.
External validity
extent to which we can generalize finding to real-world settings
Internal validity
Extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study
Placebo effect
Improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
Hawthorne effect
Phenomenon in which participants knowledge that they're being studied can affect their behavior.
Demand characteristics
Cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher's hypotheses
Control group
In an experiment, the group of participants that doesn't receive the manipulation
Ethical issues
Institutional review board-reviews all research carefully with an eye toward protecting participant against abuses.
Informed consent-Informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate.
Tuskegee-Men never informed that they had syphilis, nor that there was an effective treatment, and didn't tell them that they were subjects. Heightened the appreciation for protecting the rights of human subjects.
Informed consent-Informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate.
Tuskegee-Men never informed that they had syphilis, nor that there was an effective treatment, and didn't tell them that they were subjects. Heightened the appreciation for protecting the rights of human subjects.
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts that help us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world. It can lead to oversimplication
Representativeness heuristic
Involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype.
Base rate
How common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population.
Availability heuristic
Involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds.
Hindsight bias
Overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes.
Confirmation bias
Natural tendency to seek our evidence that supports our hypothesis and to ignore, downplay, or distort evidence that doesn't.
Overconfidence
Tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct prediction
Descriptive statistics
Numerical characterization that describe data
Inferential statistics
Mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population
Statistical significance
Results are believable, has occurred by chance less than 1 in 20 times.
Practical significance
Real-world importance.
Meta-analysis
Investigation of the consistency of patterns of results across large numbers of studies conducted in different laboratories.
Reliability
Consistency of measurement
Validity
Extent to which a measure's assesses what it claims to measure
About this deck
By: Elaine Goetz
Created: 2010-12-15
Size: 36 flashcards
Views: 150
Created: 2010-12-15
Size: 36 flashcards
Views: 150
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis