Chapter 1 2 and 3

• Gestures, body posture, facial expression, eye contact, head & body movement, and proxemics

Rules for deciding the form or structure of a sentence

• Sentences serve different functions
• Spoken vs. written language
• Free-word order language vs. word-order rules

• Bound (derivational- prefixes and suffixes & inflectional- suffixes that change the tense not the meaning)
• free morphemes

constitution

prehistoric

laughable

conspiracy

that’s

I’m

you’re

Rules for ordering, sequencing and distributing speech sounds

• 43 phonemes
• Coarticulation

Rules governing the meaning or content of words and word combination

• Word knowledge vs. world knowledge
• Denotative vs. connotative meaning

“huge giant” and “minute giraffe”

Study of language in context; language as a communication tool used to achieve social ends

• Speech acts & validity of
• Direct or Indirect
• Literal, nonliteral or both
• Influence of listener characteristics

1. Selection of the appropriate linguistic form
2. Use of language forms consistent with assumed roles
3. Use of ritualized forms

• “Cooperation principle”

studying language; describe language using rules and symbols- foundation of language development

study the psychological processes of language

look at neuroanatomy and use it as the basis of describing language

study the social or cultural function that language has

look at the behavioral context of language; ie. using language to get what you want

look at disordered communication

The difference between a theory and a model is that a theory is an idea explains a phenomenon and predicts what will happen, a model is what we use when intervening with people- a working system based on a theory

Skinner vs. Chomsky: Antecedent -> Behavior -> Consequence

  I.  Classical Conditioning

  II. Operant Conditioning

reinforcer vs. punisher

  III. Imitation  

successive approximation

Chomsky- nativist explanation (biological basis) is for semantics and syntax-- INNATE- born with it, LAD- Language Acquisition Devices

Language Processing has 2 roles-

Deep structure from the brain - the thought

Surface structure out of the mouth- what you communicate

Phrase Structure Rules and Transformational Rules

rules that are applied during the deep structure phase- the thoughts- thoughts get transformed into grammatically correct sentences

Bloom- transactional model (give and take)

Contributed “semantic revolution” and “case grammar” ideas

specialists in the field of study developed a new transactional model

“Use” is central to processing and development

“Speech- Act Theory”- propositional force- conceptual content of utterance; illocutionary force- speaker's intention and primitive speech acts

specialists with a functionalist approach- evolution and brain maturity

Language emerges from other psychological processes

Brain is always looking at ways to “solve” problems, and language is the ultimate solution to many problems

• Language learning occurs through meaningful contexts
• Attention, memory, processing, modeling, and reinforcements all impact language
• Interaction vs. directed play
• Talk about what the child is doing and follow their lead
• Children learn from a more competent language user
• Early intervention is critical/effective only…

• most of the neurons in the system live in the CNS; 12 paired cranial nerves, 31 spinal in the PNS; autonomic functions; automatic

• nerve impulses jump from one neuron to another neuron

1. linguistic tasks: recognition of printed words, comprehension of prosody and affect, as well as non- speech sounds (music, noises...), semantics and metphorical language, pragmatics

• correlation between language development and brain maturation

measured by gross brain weight

80% full size by age 2

100% full size by age 12

1. Growth vs. “connections”
2. Visual development- occurs early in infancy
3. Auditory development- occurs later than visual system
4. Language development- not complete until early adulthood

1. Auditory processing: Wernike’s Area; angular gyrus & supramarginal gyrus- help differentiate where the temporal lobe is; Heschl’s Gyrus- is in each temporal lobe and relays information to the contralateral temporal lobe
2. Symbol processing
3. Wernicke’s Area
• Angular gyrus & supramarginal gyrus
4. Broca’s Area( speech)
• Arcuate fasciculue- relays the information to Broca’s ar
• Exner’s Area- helps you communicate through writing
  

1. Attention- orientation and reaction
2. Discrimination- ID relevant/ irrelevant; working memory
3. Organization- needed for retrieval; organized categories
4. Memory-  LTM, STM - long term and short term( capacity: 8 items)