Chapter 1- Basic Concepts

AP Human Geography with Martinez at Mater Academy Charter High School

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By: Karina Delgado
Created: 2011-09-10
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changing attributes of place

Changing the way a landscape appears by modernization or migration into uninhabited space.

built landscape

an area of land represented by its features and patterns of human occupation and use of natural resources

sequent occupance

the notion that successive societies leave their culutral imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.

cultural attributes

specific types of beliefs, values, behaviors, symbols, and languages

cultural landscape

a combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation.

density

the frequency with which something occurs in space (such as people, houses, cars, mountains, etc.)

arithmetic population density

total population divided ny total square miles of land.

physiological population density

number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture

diffusion

process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one plcae to another over time.

hearth

the place from which an innovation orginates; diffuses from there to other places.

relocation diffusion

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another, new locale where they proceed to disseminate it.

expansion diffusion

an innovation or idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward.

hierarchical diffusion

a pattern in which the main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to (or adopting) what is being diffused.

contagious diffusion

a form of expansion diffusion in which nearly all adjacent individuals and places are affected.

stimulus diffusion

a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place.

absolute direction

a compass direction such as north or south

relative direction

directions such as left, right, forward, backward, up and down based on people's perception of places.

dispersion

the pattern of spacing among individuals within geographic population boundaries.

concentration

the extent of a feature's spread over space; not same as density.

clustered/agglomerated

if the objects in an area are close together.

dispersed/scattered

if objects in an area are relatively far apart.

absolute distance

the distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as mile or kilometer.

relative distance

a measure of distance that includes the cost of overcoming the friction of absolute distance separating two places. Often describes social, cultural, or economic connectivity between two places.

distribution

arrangement of features in space: three main properties: density, concentration, pattern.

environmental determinism

an approach made by Humboldt and Ritter, 19th century geographers, which concentrated on how the physical environment caused social development, applying laws from the natural sciences to understanding relationships between the physical environment and human actions.

location

the position that something occupies on Earth's surface.

absolute location

the position of a place on the surface of the Earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude, 0 to 90 degrees north or south of the equator, and longitude, 0 to 180 degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England.

relative location

the regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places.

site

a physical character of a place, such as characteristics like climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetaion, latitude, and elevation.

situation

the location of a place relative to other places; valuable to indicate location: finding an unfamiliar place and understanding its importance by comparing the location with a more familiar one and learning their accessibility to other places.

place name (toponym)

the name given to a place on earth.

pattern

the geometric or regular arrangement of something in a sturdy area.

linear pattern

straight pattern (houses on a street)

centralized pattern

a clustered or concentrated pattern at a certain place.

random pattern

a pattern with no specific order or logic behind its arrangement.

natural landscape

a physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities.

possibilism

the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physcial environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

region

an area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features.

formal/uniform region

an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characterisitics, generally identified to help explain broad global or national patterns, generally illustrating a general concept rather than a precise mathematical distribution. (ex. French speaking region)

functional/nodal region

area organized around a node or focal point/place where there is a central focus (economic, political, or social) that diminishes in importance outward. (ex. city of Chicago)

perceptual/vernacular region

a place that people believe exists as part of their culutral identity from people's imformal sense of place, such as maps. (basically how people think about regions)

scale

representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization.

spatial

of or pertaining to space on or near Eath's suface. Often a synonym for geographical and used as an adjective to describe specific geographic concepts or processes.

spatial interaction

the movement and flows involving human activity.

accessibility

the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or interaction from a given point or location in relation to other locations.

connectivity

the directness of routes linking pairs of places; an indication of the degree of internal connection in a transport network; all of the tangible and intangible means of connection and communication between places.

network

the areal pattern of sets of places and the routes (links) connecting them along which movement can take place.

distance decay

the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

friction of distance

a measure of the retarding or restricting effect of distance of spatial interaction; the greater the distance, the greater the "friction" and the less the interaction or exchange, or the greater the cost of achieving the exchange.

time-space compression

an influence on the rate of expansion diffusion of an idea, observing that the spread or acceptance of an idea is usually delayed as distance from the source of the innovation increases.

About this deck

By: Karina Delgado
Created: 2011-09-10
Size: 50 flashcards
Views: 17

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy