Chapter 1 quizzes

StudyBlue printing of Chapter 1 quizzes html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } 1A_Mastery 1. Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-American friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of: nature and nurture 2. Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning? cognitive 3. The way the mind encodes, processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary concern of the ________ perspective. cognitive 4. Dr. Jones' research centers on the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr. Jones is most likely a: developmental psychologist 5. Which of the following individuals is also a physician? psychiatrist 6. For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be most beneficial for Adam to contact a(n) ________ psychologist. clinical 7. The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to: exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events. 8. Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in securing employment. The professor's prediction regarding employment success exemplifies: hypothesis 9. Professor Saxton was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings? replication 10. Which of the following is true, according to the text? No psychological theory can be considered a good one until it produces testable predictions. 11. The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it: may be unrepresentative of what is generally true. 12. Which research method runs the greatest risk of collecting evidence that may be unrepresentative of what is generally true? the case study 13. In order to understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist has carefully investigated the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist employed? the case study 14. In which type of research is a representative random sample of people asked to answer questions about their behaviors or attitudes? the survey 15. Every twenty-fifth person who ordered a subscription to a weekly news magazine was contacted by market researchers to complete a survey of opinions regarding the magazine's contents. The researchers were most clearly employing a technique known as: random sampling 16. Professor Ober carefully monitors and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in: naturalistic observation 17. If shoe size and IQ are negatively correlated, which of the following is true? People with small feet tend to have high IQs. 18. If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are: negatively correlated 19. Professor Carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of research is Professor Carter employing? naturalistic observation 20. A negative correlation between people's physical health and their marital happiness would indicate that: higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of physical health. 21. Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their genes or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding: nature vs. nuture 22. The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on: unconscious conflicts. 23. Clinical psychologists are most likely to be involved in: providing therapy to troubled people. 24. Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called: clinical psychologists 25. Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate: overconfidence 26. You decide to test your belief that men drink more soft drinks than women by finding out whether more soft drinks are consumed per day in the men's dorm than in the women's dorm. Your belief is a(n) ________, and your research prediction is a(n) ________. theory; hypothesis 27. A hypothesis is a(n): testable prediction that gives direction to research. 28. The case study is a research method in which: a single individual is studied in great depth. 29. In order to assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of: random sampling 30. After noting that a majority of professional basketball players are African-American, Ervin concluded that African-Americans are better athletes than members of other racial groups. Ervin's conclusion best illustrates the danger of: generalizing from vivid cases. 31. After detailed study of a gunshot wound victim, a psychologist concludes that the brain region destroyed is likely to be important for memory functions. Which type of research did the psychologist use to deduce this? the case study 32. A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +0.60 would indicate that: less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness. 33. Surveys are most likely to indicate that reckless behavior and self-control are: negatively correlated. 34. Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as: naturalistic observation 35. If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of elementary school students is +0.85, this would indicate that: better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among elementary school students. 36. In order to compare the pace of life in different countries, investigators measured the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple request. This best illustrates the use of a research method known as: naturalistic observation 37. Debates as to whether alcohol abuse is biologically determined or culturally influenced are most relevant to the issue of: nature vs. nuture 38. Focusing on the extent to which personality is influenced by motives outside one's own awareness is most relevant to the ________ perspective. psychodynamic 39. The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how: people encode, process, store, and retrieve information. 40. The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n): psychiatrist 41. Dr. Granger helps people cope with challenges they face at home and work by assisting them to recognize and develop their social and vocational strengths. What psychological specialty does Dr. Granger's work best represent? counseling psychology 42. A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n): operational definition 43. Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n): theory 44. Your roommate is conducting a survey to learn how many hours the typical college student studies each day. She plans to pass out her questionnaire to the members of her sorority. You point out that her findings will be flawed because: the sample will probably not be representative of the population of interest. 45. People often fail to make accurate generalizations because they are unduly influenced by ________ cases. vivid 46. A researcher was interested in determining whether her students' test performance could be predicted from their proximity to the front of the classroom. So she matched her students' scores on a math test with their seating position. This study is an example of: correlational research 47. A psychologist studies the play behavior of third-grade children by watching groups during recess at school. Which type of research is she using? naturalistic observation 48. A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between: intelligence and academic success. 49. The psychological perspective that places the most emphasis on how observable responses are learned is the ________ perspective. behavioral 50. Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has become an excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. behavioral 51. A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in ________ research. applied 52. Jamie and Lynn were sure that they had answered most of the multiple-choice questions correctly because “the questions required only common sense.” However, they each scored less than 60% on the exam. This best illustrates: overconfidence 53. Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances? replication 54. The sight of large, enthusiastic crowds at all of his political rallies led Governor Donovan to become overconfident about his chances of winning the upcoming election. In this instance, the governor needs to be alerted to the value of: random campling 55. In concluding her report on the “nature-nurture debate in contemporary psychology,” Karen notes that: nurture works on what nature endows. 56. Dr. Stevens provides psychotherapy to people who suffer from excessive anxiety. Dr. Stevens is most likely a ________ psychologist. clinical 57. Terrence wants to talk to a professional to help him cope with some academic challenges he's facing. You recommend that he contact a(n): counseling psychologist 58. Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist. developmental 59. After the horror of 9/11, many people said the CIA and FBI should obviously have foreseen the likelihood of this form of terrorism. This perception most clearly illustrates: hindsight bias 60. In a written report of their research, psychologists specify exactly how anxiety is assessed, thus providing their readers with a(n): operational definition 61. If height and body weight are positively correlated, which of the following is true? Knowing a person's height, one can predict his or her weight. 62. If psychologists discovered that intelligent parents have smarter children than unintelligent parents, this would demonstrate that: the intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated. 63. Dr. Robinson conducts basic research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent? biological psychology 64. Correlational research is most useful for purposes of: prediction 65. In the context of debates over the origins of psychological traits, nature is to nurture as: Aristotle is to Plato 66. Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses? behavioral 67. Professor Smith told one class that alcohol consumption has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that alcohol consumption has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they received best illustrates the power of: hindsight bias 68. In a survey, psychologists select a random sample of research participants in order to ensure that: the participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying. 69. Plato's assumption that certain ideas are inborn is most directly relevant to the controversy regarding: nature versus nurture. 70. Which perspective would be most relevant to understanding the role of spaced practice on long-term memory of information. cognitive 71. Dr. Mills engages in basic research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent? social psychology 72. Dr. Caleigh conducts basic research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. cognitive 73. Theories are defined as: principles that help to organize, predict, and explain facts. 74. Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support “welfare” than “aid to the needy.” These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of: wording effects 75. Suppose that those who watch a lot of violence are also particularly likely to behave aggressively. This relationship would not necessarily indicate that watching violence influences aggressive behavior because: correlation does not prove causation. 01B_mastery 1. which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether athletic performance is boosted by caffeine consumption the experiment 2. The most accurate way of assessing the impact of breast-milk feedings on the intellectual development of children is by means of: experiments 3. The most accurate way of assessing the impact of breast-milk feedings on the intellectual development of children is by means of: illusory correlation 4. The most accurate way of assessing the impact of breast-milk feedings on the intellectual development of children is by means of: an illusion of control 5. After sports magazines give cover-story attention to the outstanding performance of an athlete, the individual often suffers a real decline in performance. The so-called “ Sports Illustrated jinx” may be at least partially explained in terms of: regression toward the mean 6. Gamblers who blow on their dice “for luck” are victims of: the illusion of control 7. If there is no relationship between two sets of scores, the correlation coefficient equals: 0.00 8. In order to test the potential effect of hunger on taste sensitivity, groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing lengths of time before they engage in a taste-sensitivity test. This research is an example of: an experiment 9. Researchers control factors that might influence a dependent variable by means of: random assignment 10. Research participants are randomly assigned to different groups in an experiment in order to: reduce the likelihood of any preexisting differences between groups of participants. 11. To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control groups can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of: the double-blind procedure 12. To accurately infer cause and effect, experimenters should use: random assignment 13. Adelle dreamed that a handsome young man she had met the previous day asked her for a date. When he actually did call for a date several days later, Adelle concluded that dreams accurately predict future events. Her belief best illustrates: illusory correlation 14. Illusory correlation refers to : the perception of a relationship between two variables that does not exist 15. Joe believes that his basketball game is always best when he wears his old gray athletic socks. Joe is a victim of the phenomenon called: illusory correlation 16. In a psychological experiment, the potentially causal factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ________ variable. independent 17. Psychological differences between the genders are: far outweighed by gender similarities 18. Psychologists' personal values: can bias both scientific observation and interpretation of data. 19. A major principle underlying the SQ3R study method is that: people learn and remember material best when they actively process it. 20. Psychologists study animals because: similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior 21. which of the following methods is most helpful for revealing cause-effect relationships: the experiment 22. In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of: an experiment 23. If a positive correlation between two sets of scores is displayed as a scatterplot, the points are clustered in a pattern that: extends from the lower left to the upper right of the graph. 24. Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which IQ scores can be used to predict grades in school? correlation coefficient 25. The illusion that uncontrollable events are correlated with our actions is facilitated by a statistical phenomenon known as: regression toward the mean 26. Martina believes that high doses of caffeine slow a person's reaction time. In order to test this belief, she has five friends each drink three 8-ounce cups of coffee and then measures their reaction time on a learning task. What is wrong with Martina's research strategy? there is no control condition 27. In a test of the effects of air pollution, groups of students performed a reaction-time task in a polluted or an unpolluted room. To what condition were students in the unpolluted room exposed? control 28. The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors. positive expectations 29. In order to study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems working together; other participants were instructed to solve problems working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the ________ group. control 30. The strength of the relationship between two vivid events will most likely be: overestimated 31. Illusonary correlation refers to ; the perception of correlation where there is none 32. The concept of control is important in psychological research because: experimental control allows researchers to study the influence of one or two independent variables on a dependent variable while holding other potential influences constant. 33. In order to study the effects of lighting on mood, Dr. Cooper had students fill out questionnaires in brightly lit or dimly lit rooms. In this study, the independent variable consisted of: the room lighting 34. In an effort to prevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists sometimes: deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment 35. A fraternity brother rationalizes the fact that he spends very little time studying by saying that he “ doesn't want to peak too soon and have the test material become stale. ” You tell him that: all the alternatives are true (the more often students review material, the better their exam scores, he is probably overestimating his knowledge of the material, if he devotes extra time to studying, his retention of the material will be improved) 36. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? -0.73 37. If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that extends from the upper left to the lower right, this would suggest that the two variables depicted are: negatively correlated 38. Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group? the experimental treatment is absent 39. In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a: placebo 40. Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about: which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving 41. The most foolproof way of testing the true effectiveness of a newly introduced method of psychological therapy is by means of: experimental research 42. Karen erroneously believes that her test grades are negatively correlated with the amount of time she studies for her tests. Research on illusory correlation suggests that she is especially likely to notice instances in which: poor grades follow lengthy study and good grades follow brief study. 43. In an experiment to determine the effects of attention on memory, memory is the: dependent variable 44. The study of psychology is potentially dangerous because: psychological knowledge can be used for destructive purposes. 45. regression toward the mean refers to : tendency for unusual scores to fall back toward a distributions average 46. Jane usually averages 175 in bowling. One night her three-game average is 215. What will probably happen to her bowling average over the next several weeks of bowling? it will return to about the level of her average 47. Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables? -0.12 48. An inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug is called a: placebo 49. Our tendency to notice and remember instances in which a premonition of an unlikely phone call is actually followed by the call most clearly contributes to: illusory correlation 50. The illusion that uncontrollable events are correlated with our actions is facilitated by a statistical phenomenon known as: regression toward the mean 51. Which of the following procedures is an example of the use of a placebo? In a test of the effects of a drug on memory, a participant is led to believe that a harmless pill actually contains an active drug. 52. The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the experiment's results is called: space study time over several short sessions 54. Which statement about the ethics of experimentation with people and animals is false ? Animals are used in psychological research more often than they are killed by humane animal shelters. 55. Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to distinguish between: causes and effects 56. Which of the following would be best for determining whether alcohol impairs memory? experiment 57. Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned: to that group by chance 58. To prevent the possibility that a placebo effect or researchers' expectations will influence a study's results, scientists employ: the double-blind procedure 59. On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, it is reasonable to conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy: is a random and coincidental occurrence 60. Six of the children in Mr. Myer's second-grade classroom were born on exactly the same day. This strikes him as astonishing and improbable. In this instance, he should be reminded that: random sequence of events often don't look random 61. In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the ________ variable. dependent 62. Which research method provides the best way of assessing whether cigarette smoking boosts mental alertness? an experiment 63. The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is presumed to have medicinal benefits illustrates: the placebo effect 64. In order to assess whether sense of humor is affected by sexual stimulation, researchers exposed married couples to either sexually stimulating or to sexually nonstimulating movie scenes prior to watching a comedy skit. In this research, the independent variable consisted of: level of sexual stimuation 65. In an experimental study of the effects of dieting on weight loss, dieting would be the: independent variable Lecture Review 1. Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's irritability toward her results from his unconscious feelings of hostility toward his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is interpreting her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective. psychodynamic 2. A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that: the poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than the wealthy. 3. The most accurate way of assessing the impact of breast-milk feedings on the intellectual development of children is by means of: experiments 4. In order to determine the effects of a new drug on memory, one group of people is given a pill that contains the drug. A second group is given a sugar pill that does not contain the drug. This second group constitutes the: control group 5. Colette received an unusually high grade of A on her first biology test and a B+ on the second, even though she studied equally for both tests. Which of the following best explains Colette's deteriorating pattern of performance? regression toward the mean 6. In answering multiple-choice test items, smart test-takers are best advised to: recall the correct answer to each question before reading the alternative answers. 7. Research participants are randomly assigned to different groups in an experiment in order to: reduce the likelihood of any preexisting differences between groups of participants. 8. Professor Connolly uses a scatterplot to display the relationship between students' intelligence test scores and the number of failing grades they have received. The points on the plot are most likely clustered in a pattern that: extends from the upper left to the lower right of the plot.