Chapter 1

Biology 2443 with Hill at University of Arkansas - Fayetteville

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By: Lindsey Callahan
Created: 2012-01-23
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Views: 10

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Anatomy

primarily the study of structure and the relationships among structures.

Dissection

the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.

Physiology

deals with functions of body parts-that is, how they work.

Diagnostic Techniques

-Inspection: look

-Palpation: feel

-Auscultation: listen

-Percussion: tapping

Tissue

are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.

Organ

structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.

Organ System

consists of related organs with a common function.

1. Skeletal

2. Integumentary

3. Muscular

4. Cardiovascular

5. Lymphatic and Immunity

6. Nervous

7. Respiratory

8. Endocrine

9. Digestive

10. Urinary

11. Reproductive

Diagnosis

Distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease from signs and symptoms by inspection, palpation, lab tests, etc.

Disease

refers to an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.

Symptoms

a subjective change in body function not apparent to an observer, such as pain or nausea, that indicates the presence of a disease of disorder of the body.

Signs

any objective evidence of disease that can be observed or measured, such as lesion, swelling, or fever.

Levels of Organization

1. Chemical Level

2. Cellular Level

3. Tissue Level

4. Organ Level

5. System Level

6. Organismal Level

Integumentary System

-Skin, and structures associated with it, such as hair, fingernails, and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands.

-Protects the body; helps regulate body temp; eliminates some wastes; helps makes vitamin D; and detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold.

Skeletal System

-Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.

-Supports and protects the body; provides a surface area for muscle attachments; aids body in moving; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores lipids and minerals.

Muscular System

-Specifically refers to skeletal muscle tissue, which is muscle usually attached to bones.

-Participates in bringing about body movements, such as walking, maintains posture, and produces heat.

Cardiovascular System

-Blood, heart, and blood vessels.

-Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wasters away from cells and helps regulate acid base balance, temp, and water content of body fluids.

Lymphatic System and Immunity

-Lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses.

-Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation...

Nervous System

-Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as the eyes and ears.

-Generates action potentials to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body's internal and external environments, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

Respiratory System

-Lungs, pharynx(throat), larynx(voice box), bronchial tubes leading into and out of the lungs.

-Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid base balance of body fluids.

Endocrine System

-Hormone producing glands and hormone producing cells.

-Regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ.

Hormone-producing Glands

1. Pineal gland

2. Hypothalamus

3. Pituitary gland

4. Parathyroid gland

5. Thymus

6. Thyroid gland

7. Parathyroid gland

8. Adrenal gland

9. Pancreas

10. Ovaries

11. Testes

Urinary System

-Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

-Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body's mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cels.

Reproductive System

-Gonads and associated organs.

-Gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk.

Gonads

testes, ovaries, uterine tubes, vagina, epididymides, seminal vesicles, prostrate, ductus deferenses, and penis.

Characteristics of Living Things

1. Metabolism

2. Responsiveness

3. Movement

4. Growth

5. Differentiation

6. Reproduction

Anatomical Position

the standard position of reference for the description of anatomical structures. The subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. Feet flat and palms facing outward.

Cephalic

head

Trunk

includes thoracic, abdominal, pelvic.

Cervical

neck

Axillary

armpit

Cubital

back of elbow

Antecubital

front of elbow

Carpal

wrist

Palmar

or volar, palm.

Digital

or phalangeal, fingers.

Phalangal

or digital, toes.

Patellar

anterior surface of knee.

Pedal

foot

Tarsal

ankle

Frontal

forehead

Temporal

temple

Orbit

eye

Ocular

eye

Otic

ear

Buccal

cheek

Nasal

nose

Oral

mouth

Mental

chin

Sternal

breastbone

Mammary

breast

Umbilical

navel

Coxal

tailbone

Inguinal

groin

Manual

hand

Pubic

pubis

Occipital

base of skull

Acromial

shoulder

Scapular

shoulder blade

Vertebral

spinal column

Olecranal

cubital, back of elbow.

Sacral

between hips

Gluteal

buttock

Perineal

region between anus and external genitals.

Popliteal

hollow behind knee

Crural

calf

Plantar

sole

Calcaneal

heel

Sagittal

a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides.

Parasagittal

when the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body into unequal right and left sides.

Midsagittal

when a plane passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left sides.

Frontal

divides the body or an organ into front and back portions.

Transverse

divides the body or an organ into upper and lower portions.

Oblique

passes through the body or organ at an oblique angle.

Superior

above or higher in position; toward the head. The heart is superior to the liver.

Cranial

Relating to the skill or head; toward the head. The stomach is more cranial than the urinary bladder.

Inferior

Below or lower in position; toward the feet. The stomach is inferior to the lungs.

Rostral

Relating to the nose and mouth region; toward the face. the frontal lobe of the brain is rostral to the occipital lobe.

Caudal

Relating to the tail; at or near the tail or posterior part of the body. The lumbar vertebrae are caudal to the cervical.

Nearer to or at the front of the body. The sternum is anterior to the heart.

Posterior

Nearer to or at the back of the body. The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.

Ventral

Relating to the belly side of the body; toward the belly. The intestines are ventral to the vertebral column.

Dorsal

Relating to the back side of the body; toward the back. The kidneys are dorsal to the stomach.

Medial

Nearer to the midline. The ulna is medial to the radius.

Lateral

Farther from the midline. The lungs are lateral to the heart.

Intermediate

Between two structures. The transverse colon is intermediate to the ascending colon and descending colon.

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body's midline as another structure. The gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral.

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body's midline as another structure. The ascending and descending colons are contralateral.

Proximal

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.

Superficial

Toward o on the surface of the body. The ribs are superficial to the lungs.

Deep

Away from the surface of the body. The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back.

External

Toward the outside of a structure. The visceral pleura is on the external surface of the lungs.

Internal

Toward the inside of a structure. The mucosa forms the internal lining of the stomach.

Cranial Cavity

Formed by cranial bones and contains brain.

Vertebral Canal

Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.

Thoracic Cavity

Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum.

Pleural Cavities

Each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura.

Mediastinum

Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.

Pericardial Cavity

Surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Abdominal Cavity

Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum.

Pelvic Cavity

Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.

Four Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

Cells

the basic living structural and functional units of the body. Cells perform chemical reactions to create life processes. Compartmentalization.

Three Parts of a Cell

1. Plasma membrane (barrier between outside and inside of the cell)

2. Cytoplasm (fluid that fills the cell)

3. Nucleus (where genetic info is stored, control center)

Fluid Mosaic Model

the arrangement of molecules within the membrane resembles a sea of lipids containing many types of proteins.

Structure of a Membrane

lipid bilayer, integral proteins, transmembrane proteins, peripheral proteins.

Functions of Membrane Proteins

transporters, receptors, enzymes.

Transport Across the Plasma Membrane

Intracellular fluid, Extracellular fluid, Interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph

Passive Processes

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Active Processes

active transport, in vesicles, secondary active transport.

Cytosol

the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles

Organelles

specialized structures with the cell have specific shape and functions

Flagella

allow cell to move around. Sperm in humans. Cilia in trachea.

Smooth ER

lipid and carb synthesis

Rough ER

protein synthesis

Glogi Complex

receives vesicles, processes chemicals, and sends them on their way

Lysosomes

membrane bound packages of enzymes

Mitochondria

the "powerhouse" of the cell. Cristae, matrix, self-replicate during times of increased cellular demand or before cell division, makes ATP

Nucleus

spherical or oval shaped structure, usually most prominent feature of a cell, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus, genes, and chromosomes

Genome

there are approximately 30,000 genes in the human genome

Somatic Cell Division

everything that is not a sex cell, interphase, and mitotic phase

Cell Cycle

1. Interphase

2. Prophase

3. Metaphase

4. Anaphase

5. Telophase

6. Identical cells in interphase

About this deck

By: Lindsey Callahan
Created: 2012-01-23
Size: 123 flashcards
Views: 10

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy