Chapter 11 Notes (Test 3)

Psychology 340 with Brown at University of Louisiana at Lafayette

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Charles Spearman

a distinguished psychologist who developed the procedure of factor analysis that Cattell would later employ

overt

if a trait theory is to be useful, the traits postulated need to go beyond this kind of behaviors of an individual

source traits

may have their origin in heredity or the environment

Cattell identified this many basic source traits that he considered the "building blocks" of personality

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)

with source traits forming the basis, Cattell's best known and widely used assessment test

correlational ; smaller

factor analysis is essentially a _____ procedure that describes large amounts of data in _______, more manageable units by interrelating many correlations at one time.

correlational matrix

first step in factor analysis is to make up a _______ by computing a correlation coefficient for each variable to show how it relates to every other one

factor

a subset of highly intercorrelated measures

factors ; variables

second step in factor analysis is to compute a correlation between each of the identified ______ and each of the original _______

"loading"

tells us to what degree each measure is related to each factor

high positive correlation

indicates that that the measure is strongly related to the factor

high negative correlation

suggests that the measure is related to the factor, but in an inverse way

name

final step in factor analysis is to _____ the factors

OCEAN

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism ; the Big 5

the Big Five

arose out of the study of language and factor analysis of personality questionnaires

Sir Francis Galton

an english scientist was one of the first to propose a "lexical hypothesis" suggesting that significant differences among people that affect how they interact with one another are encoded in words

causal traits

words people use to describe one another are observable attributes rather than underlying ___________

Lewis Thurstone

the first to suggest that as few as five terms might be sufficient to account for all of the adjectives that people use to describe one another

the Big Five

Cattell never adopted this model

Five-Factor Model (FFM)

the factor analysis of personality questionnaires and ratings led to this

Costa and McCrae

developed and refined an objective assessment device that expressly measures the personality dimensions of the FFM

Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)

consists of 30 scales with 8 items each where participants are asked to rate on a scale of 1 to 5 how much descriptions apply to them

six

each of the 5 factors has this many facets in scoring and analysis

specific ; general

the NEO-PI-R inventory permits the assessment of personality at the level of the _____ characteristics and also at the more _______ general level.

description

According to Saucier and Goldberg, the Big Five simply provides a summary _____ of attributes

the Big Five factors

According to McCrae and Costa, the Five-Factor Model is an interpretation of these

stable ; genetic ; mechanism

the Five-Factor Model suggests that differences among people in the five dimensions are ____ over time, have a ______ basis, and due in part to some internal ________

Five-Factor Model (FFM)

a hierarchical description of personality traits

Five-Factor Theory (FFT)

an attempt to account for the body of research findings associated with the Five-Factor Model

basic tendencies

these are biologically based, universal, and stable

characteristic adaptations

lead to specific behaviors and arise out of the interaction of basic tendencies and external influences (how one expresses their basic tendencies)

job performance

research on the Big Five has been successfully used to predict this

Agreeableness

Adler's social interest, Horney's moving toward, and Erikson's basic trust may all be seen as aspects of this

cultural differences

factors that emerge across cultures do not completely coincide, suggesting that there are important _________ in personality structure

The Personality Profiles of Cultures Project

this used a measure of the FFM to observe persons from over 50 cultures and test hypotheses about the universality of personality traits

personality disorders

the NEO-PI-R has been useful in diagnosing these

traits ; continuum

The FFM's emphasis on these rather than types encourages us to look at normal and abnormal behavior as a _______ rather than as different types of behavior

maladaptive

the focus of a diagnostic decision is the ________ expression of traits, not the basic traits themselves

dimensional ; categorical

the FFM has a ________ approach, whereas the DSM has a ________ approach

twin studies

the most popular design for behavioral genetic studies

monozygotic twins

identical; develop from a single fertilized ovum or egg

dizygotic twins

fraternal; develop from two fertilized ova

multiple abstract variance analysis (MAVA)

advocated by Cattell, studies twins and siblings who have been reared either together or apart

Heston

conducted an adoption study that revealed the importance of heredity in the development of schizophrenia

Jensen

suggested that differences in IQ scores between blacks and whites may be due to genetics

heritability

behavioral genetics uses the statistic of _______ to express the proportion of phenotypic variation that may be due to genetic variation

DNA markers

segments of DNA whose locations are known on a particular chromosome

Human Genome Project

showed us that 99.9% of DNA sequences in the human genome is shared in all people

"snips", single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

genetic variations that tend to be inherited in small blocks of chromosomes known as hyplotypes

"HapMap"

a catalog identifying variations and indicating where they occur in our genes and how they are distributed among people within and among populations in various parts of the world

quantitative traits loci (QTL)

the genes in multiple-gene systems

inclusive fitness

related individuals giving aid to others who share their genes

reciprocal altruism

cooperative strategies among nonrelatives when the benefits are greater than the costs

parental investment theory

helps explain why females tend to be more selective than males in choosing their mates

algorithmic

step by step

human adaptation

the Big Five persisted and became robust because of their usefulness in this

"fitness maximizers"

adherents of sociobiology frequently advocate a view of human beings as these

problem solving

according to Buss, it's more helpful to see human evolution in terms of adaptive _________ than of fitness maximizing

Cattell

his theory suggests that he views the world as lawful, consistent, and controllable

beyondism

name given by Cattell to a system of ethical values that is based on the view that humanity is advancing biologically

About this deck

By: Alyssa Schwartzenburg
Created: 2011-10-30
Size: 61 flashcards
Views: 12

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
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