Chapter 11
Psychology 201 with Ross at University of Louisville
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personality
an individuals unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
personality theory
a theory that attempts to describe and explain similarities and differences in peoples patterns of thinking, feeeling, and behaving
psychoanalysis
sigmund freud's theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development
free association
a pscyhoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings, and mental images as they come to mind
unconscious
in freuds theory, a term used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness
id
in freud's theory, the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle
eros
the self-preservation or life instinct reflected in the expression of basic biological urges that perpetuate the existence of the individual and the species. ex/ hunger, thirst, etc..
libido
the psychological and emotional energy associated with expressions of sexuality; the sex drive
thanatos
the death instinct, reflected in aggressive, destructive, and self destructive actions.
pleasure principle
the motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort; the most fundamental human motive and the guiding principle of the id
ego
in freud's theory, the partly unconscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the external world.
reality principle
the capacity to accommodate external demands by postponing gratification until the appropriate time or cirumstances exist
superego
the partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal rules.
ego defense mechanisms
largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety
repression
the unconscious exclusion of anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, and memories from conscious awareness; the most fundamental ego defense mechanism
displacement
the ego defense mechanism that involves unconsiously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous
sublimation
an ego defense mechanism that involves redirecting sexual urges toward productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual activities; a dorm of displacement
psychosexual urges
in freud's theory, age related developmental periods in which the child's sexual urges are focused on different areas of the body and are expressed through the activities asociated with those areas
oedipus complex
in freuds thoery, a child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent, usually accompanied by hostile feelings toward the same sex parent
identification
in psychoanalytic theory, an ego defense mechanism that involves reducing anxiety by imitating the behavior and characteristics of another person.
collective unconscious
in jung's theory, the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas
archetypes
in jung's theory, the inherited mental images of universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations that are the main components of the collective unconscious
humanistic psychology
the theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self concept, and healthy personality development
actualizing tendency
in roger's theory, the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism
self-concept
the set of perceptions and beliefs that you hold about yourself
conditional positive regard
in roger's theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others, conditional love or acceptance
unconditional positive reward
in roger's theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved even if you don't conform to the standards and expectations of others; unconditional love or acceptance
social cognitive theory
alert bandura's theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy, beliefs, and reciprocal determinism
reciprocal determinism
a model proposed by psychologist albert bandura that explains human functioning and personality as caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors
self-efficacy
the beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self-confidence or self-doubt
trait
a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to consistently behave in a certain way
trait theory
a theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions
surface traits
personality characteristics or attributes that can easily be inferred from observable behavior
source traits
the most fundamental dimensions of personality; the broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number
five-factor model of personality
a trait theory of personality that identifies extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscietiousness, and openness to experience as the fundamental building blocks of personality
behavioral genetics
an interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of genes and heredity on behavior
psychological test
a test that assesses a person's abilities, aptitudes, interests, or personality, on the basis of a systematically obtained sample of behavior
projective test
a type of personality test that involves a person's interpreting an ambiguous image; used to assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits
rorschach inkblot test
a projective test using inkblots, developed by swiss psychiatrist hermann rorschach in 1921
graphology
a pseudoscience that claims to assess personality, social, and occupational attributes based on a person's distinctive handwriting, doodles, and drawing style
thematic apperception test(TAT)
a projective personality test that involves creating stories about each of a series of ambiguous scenes
self-report inventory
a type of psychological test in which a person's responses to standardized questions are compared to established norms
minnesota multiphasic personality inventory(MMPI)
a self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics and psychological disorders; used to assess both normal and disturbed populations
california personality inventory(CPI)
a self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics in normal populations
sixteen personality factor questionnaire(16PF)
a self-report inventory developed by raymond cattell that generates a personality profile with ratings on 16 trait dimensions
possible selves
the aspect of the self-concept that includes images of the selves that you hope, fear, or expect to become in the future
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“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
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