Chapter 13 Pregnancy

Nutritional Sciences 132 with Andersen at University of Wisconsin - Madison

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By: maggie gallagher
Textbook: Nutrition - Ecology and Behavior
Created: 2012-05-06
Size: 59 flashcards
Views: 23

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embryo

the fertilized egg resulting from conception, and developing into a fetus

congenital anomaly

also known as a birth defect; a change from normal due to genetic damage or changes in gene expression

fetus

an unborn human infant of more than eight weeks age

miscarriage

spontaneous abortion of the fetus, often caused by a congenital anomaly, and occurring less than 20 weeks into the pregnancy

teratogen

an agent that damages genetic material or otherwise causes a congenital anomaly

nutrients are involved in what 2 processes?

nutrients are involved in gene expression and protein synthesis

the biggest nutritional factor that affects fertility

energy balance

where in the body is estrogen produced?

estrogen is produced by adipose tissue

a BMI greater than what means conception is less likely to occur?

greater than 30

amenorrhea

a lack of regular menstrual cycles

a body composition of less than what percent fat will usually not support menstruation?

less than 15% fat

what fraction of infertility is due to weight-related amenorrhea?

1/3 of infertility

what happens to iron needs during pregnancy?

iron needs double in pregnancy

poor iron status increases the risk of what?

early delivery

low folate intakes increase the risk of what?

neural tube defects

oligomenorrhea

few, or irregular menstrual cycles; having fewer than 6 cycles per year

what 3 factors reduce menstrual frequency

negative energy balance, low dietary fat intake, and low body fat levels

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

sometimes seen in obese women; marked by high testosterone levels with abnormal body hair and acne; the outer layer of the ovaries becomes hard and thick preventing ovulation

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

can cause scarring of the fallopian tubes, blocking the passage of the egg to the uterus

negative effects of lead on the developing fetus

lead can reduce intelligence and executive function and increase learning disabilities

Negative energy balance most greatly effects what aspect of pregnancy?

has a greater effect on birth weight and infant survival than on fertility, with a much higher rate of infant mortality resulting

acute undernutrition most greatly effects what aspect of pregnancy?

acute undernutrition has a greater effect on fertility

at intakes of caffeine higher than what amount prolong time required to become pregnant?

higher than 300 mg/day (2-3 cups of coffee)

sources of mercury from food

large oceanic predator fish at the top of their food chain (shark or swordfish) and fresh water lake fish

the recommended amount of fish for children, pregnant women, and women who might become pregnant

12 ounces of fish per week (2 meals)

how might mercury effect a developing child?

it can have an effect on the child's central nervous system

in males, what percent body fat is sufficient to ensure healthy sperm production?

higher than 8% body fat

hypogonadism

delayed or reduced development of sexual organs and secondary sex characteristics

nutrient most important for sperm production and needed for gene expression

zinc

embryo

a fertilized egg

how long after pregnancy is the embryo called a fetus?

after 8 weeks

spina bifida

a failure of the spinal column to form properly, leading to difficulties in gait or mental retardation

placenta

organ that transfers nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, removes wastes, and produces hormones

hyperplasia

growth by an increase in the number of cells

hypertrophy

growth by an increase in the size of cells

when during pregnancy do organs begin to form?

organs start to form around three weeks

when does the fetus first have a heartbeat?

by 15 weeks the fetus has a heartbeat

during what trimester is the fetus most vulnerable to teratogens?

in the 1st trimester

vitamin needed for DNA synthesis and gene expression

folic acid

deficiency of what vitamin leads to spina bifida?

folic acid deficiency

weight of fetus by the end of the 2nd trimester

2-3 pounds

3 things that must be met in order for a pregnancy to be considered successful

1. gestation reaches at least 37 weeks

2. birthweight is at least 5.5 pounds

3. overall quality of life is good

appropriate amount of weight gain in the 1st trimester

4-5 pounds

appropriate amount of weight gain in second and third trimesters

.75-1 pound per week

edema

abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid

proper levels of hemoglobin during pregnancy are higher or lower than nonpregnancy?

proper levels of hemoglobin during pregnancy are lower than nonpregnancy

anemia has a more profound effect during what trimester of pregnancy?

in the first trimester

anabolism

metabolism of synthesis; mother is storing energy as fat and producing tissues and systems to nourish the fetus

catabolism

metabolism of breakdown; the stores and structures are feeding the infant

pre-eclampsia

can lead to eclampsia; blood pressures are high in women with previously normal blood pressure and protein may be found in the urine

proteinuria

protein in the urine; an abnormal event; indicates kidney damage is occurring

eclampsia

a condition of later pregnancy involving high blood pressure that may lead to convulsions, kidney damage, stillbirth, and even death

gestational diabetes

diabetes beginning in, and usually ending after, pregnancy

energy needs during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters

little extra energy is needed in the 1st trimester

2nd trimester, an extra 350 kcal per day are needed

3rd trimester, 450 extra kcal per day

protein needs during pregnancy

.8 g protein/kg body weight plus 25 grams each day (about 15% of kcal)

ketones

products of fat metabolism harmful to the fetus in high concentrations; high levels of ketones impair growth and intellectual development in the fetus

in what form is vitamin A teratogenic?

the retinol form of vitamin A is teratogenic and should not be consumed as a supplement

the leading cause of mental retardation

alcohol

About this deck

By: maggie gallagher
Textbook: Nutrition - Ecology and Behavior
Created: 2012-05-06
Size: 59 flashcards
Views: 23

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis