Chapter 13
Psychology 10948 with Eric/donney at University of Pittsburgh - Pittsburgh
About this deck
By: Ashley Mahlstedt
Created: 2010-12-09
Size: 29 flashcards
Views: 7
Created: 2010-12-09
Size: 29 flashcards
Views: 7
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Mental Retardation Criteria
IQ less than 70; Deficits in adaptive social functioning in areas such as communication, self-care, home living, interpersonal skills, use of community resources, ability to make decisions, functional academic skills, leisure, work, health and safety; onset before 18 yrs of age
Classification of Mental Retardation - Mild
50-55 to 70 IQ score
Classification of Mental Retardation - Moderate
35-40 to 50-55 IQ score
Classification of Mental Retardation - Severe
20-25 to 35-40 IQ score
Classification of Mental Retardation - Profound
IQ score below 20-25
Cause of Mental Retardation
25% biological cause; 200 known physical causes (maternal alcohol use, infections, recessive-genes, chromosomal anomalies)
Maternal Alcohol Use
Alcohol consumption during 3rd to 4th week especially.
Smaller babies; more slowly developing
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - birth defect characterized by face abnormalities and faulty brain development
Alcohol interferes with protein guiding neurons
Infection
Meningitis, Rubella
Immunization is key
Recessive-Genes
Phenylketonuria - caused by a lack of enzyme that converts amino acids
Excessive amounts of phenylalanine interferes with myelinization of CNS neurons
Chromosomal Anomalies
Fragile X Syndrome, Tisomy 21 - down's syndrome
Down Syndrome
developmental delays; prevalence 1:800 and risk increases with age of mother; characteristics features include slowed growth, higher risk for physical problems such as heart defects, hearing problems, Alzheimer's disease
Down Syndrome Cognitive Profile
Intellectually disabled (mild to moderate)
Poor memory and language skills
Down Syndrome Social Profile
Socially skilled, friendly/easy to get along with
Down Syndrome Brains
Differences in neuron structure; cerebral cortex is smaller especially in the frontal/temporal areas (hippocampus) and gyri and sulci are simpler and smaller
cerebellum/brainstem are smaller is relation to cerebral hemispheres
Down Syndrome Genetic Bias
95% extra chromosome 21
5% translocation; part of 21 attached to another chromosome before/at conception
Autism
term used to describe a group of complex developmental disorders known as Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD)
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)
Asperger's syndrome, Rett syndrome and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
Autism Diagnosis - Characteristics
Social interaction deficits; nonverbal behaviors, peer relationships, seeing/enjoying human interaction
Communication impairment; delay speaking, lack of initiation, repetitive language, lack of make believe play
Receptive stereotyped actions
Autism Diagnosis
Typically not before 3 years old
Increased prevalence - 1:150 births
Physical characteristics - nothing striking, sometimes ear structure or toe walking
Autism Characteristics
75% mentally retarded but whole range
75% male
35% epileptic late in development
Cognitive Profile - Autism
Entire range of IQ; weak central coherence, tend to focus on elements; good with numbers. May be impaired on social reasoning - difficulty with Theory of Mind
Social Profile - Autism
Less smiling and eye contact as infants, delayed speech and echolalia, reduced ability to interpret intentions and emotions
Physiological Basis of Autistic Disorder
Brain anomalies; 30% f adolescents who had sever autistic symptoms as children begin to have seizures; abnormally rapid growth in brain after birth till 2-4 years of age --> areas that grow fast show anomalies, areas growing at a normal rate unaffected
Etiology of Autistic Disorder
Genetic factors; siblings of autistics siblings are 20 times more likely to be autistic. Identical Twins at a 60% risk
X Chromosome may carry from of the risk --> 2-4 times more likely in males
Williams Syndrome
Williams-Beuren Syndrome; developmental delays & genetic tests
Prevalence as low as 1:7500
Physical characteristics --> small stature, coordination difficulties, higher risk for physical problems such as heart defects in connective tissue
Cognitive Profile Williams Syndrome
Intellectually disabled (mild to moderate) and poor visuospatial skills
Strong language and object recognition
Social Profile - Williams Syndrome
very outgoing, anxious but not socially
Brains - Williams Syndrome
Cerebral cortex is smaller especially occipital and parietal areas; these areas also tend to be underactive
Genetic Basis - Williams Syndrome
95% deletion of some material (aprox. 25 genes) on chromosome 7
About this deck
By: Ashley Mahlstedt
Created: 2010-12-09
Size: 29 flashcards
Views: 7
Created: 2010-12-09
Size: 29 flashcards
Views: 7
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy